• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.197-197
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• 1998

Chronic electroconvulsive shock(ECS) was shown to Increase phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate(PIP$_2$) breakdown and the activity of PLC with the accumulation of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate(IP3). The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of ECS on the expression of phospholipase C(PLC) isotypes in rat brain. Two groups of animals were prepared: sham and ECS treated groups. Rats in ECS treated groups received maximal ECS(70mA, 0.5second, 60㎐) by constant current stimulator through ear-clip to induce tonic extension seizures for 12 consecutive days. The expression of PLC isotypes in rat brain was determined by immunohistochemical procedure using sagital section of rat brain. The immunoreactivity of PLC${\beta}$1 was observed in corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus and that of PLC${\gamma}$1 in corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, frontal cortex, parietooccipital cortex, limbic forebrain, pons, medulla, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, rest of midbrain. The amount of PLC was analyzed by Western blot using antibodies against PLC${\beta}$1 and PLC${\gamma}$1. Chronic ECS reduced the immunoreactivity of PLC${\beta}$1 in corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus but had little effect on PLC${\gamma}$1. To quantify this change, quantitative Western blot using antibodies against PLC${\beta}$1 and PLC${\gamma}$1 was conducted. The immunoreactivity of PLC${\beta}$1 in ECS treated rat whole brain was decreased by 40 % in cytosolic fraction and 26 % in membrane fraction. This different effect of ECS on PLC isotypes may results from the difference of their activation mechanisms and the different effects of ECS on them. The results from the present study suggest that chronic ECS primalily affects neurotransmitter receptors related IP$_3$ signaling in rat brain.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 1995

Anatomical studies of sink tissues are required for better understanding the biological plant growth system and energy metabolism. Kinematics of root growth zones of two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) receiving 50 or 200 ppm N were determined. Longitudinal anatomy and cell dynamics of root growth zones were studied and calculated. The root growth zone is organized similarly to the leaf growth zone which has cell division, elongation, and maturation zones, but the root growth zone is only about 3.0 mm long compared to 25 to 30 mm for the leaf growth zone. The root cap extends about 0.4 to 0.5 mm from the apical initial, while the cell elongation zone for both cortical and metaxylem cells extends about 3.3 mm from the apical initial for both genotypes and N levels. Root cap cells elongate from an initial length of about 5$\mu{m}$ long to a final length of about 40$\mu{m}$ before being sloughed. Initial lengths of cortical and metaxylem cells were about 8.5 $\mu{m}$ and 13.0 $\mu{m}$, respectively. Elongation of cortex and metaxylem cell showed sigmoidal curves with final lengths of about 120 $\mu{m}$ for cortex cells and 650 $\mu{m}$ for metaxylem cells. Initial size and final size for both types were not affected by N level, but cell fluxes and cell elongation rates of cortical and metaxylem cells were about double in low N. Cell production rates were about 5 to 6 times higher in cortical cells than in metaxylem cells. Differences in N caused a larger change in cell production rate, duration of cell elongation, and relative cell elongation rate than did the genotypes. These data indicate that N application affects root growth longitudinally by changing cell production rate and elongation rate.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2016

Two cold-water coral taxa, Octocorallia in the class Anthozoa and Stylasteridae in the class Hydrozoa, were identified. Deep-water samples were collected in fishing nets at depths ranging between 20 and 200 m along the coasts of the East Sea in Korea from 1976 to 1993. The two species found in this study represent new records for Korea: Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) in the class Anthozoa, and Stylaster profundiporus Broch, 1936 in the class Hydrozoa. Two families, Paragorgiidae and Stylasteridae, are also newly recorded in Korea. Furthermore, the species name of another cold-water gorgonian species, Primnoa pacifica (Kinoshita, 1907) in the family Primnoidae, is amended in this report. The two newly recorded cold-water coral species from Korea are described in detail based on their morphological characteristics. Paragorgia arborea is characterized by its growth form, medulla and cortex, zooid dimorphism, canal system, and spicule composition. Stylaster profundiporus is distinguished by its external skeletal characteristics, such as the coordination of dactylopores and gastropores, presence or absence of gastrostyles and dactylostyles, cyclosystem orientation, ampullar position, gastropore tube shape, and coenosteal texture.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2021

Enhancing the reliability of the system is important for recent system-on-chip (SoC) designs. This importance has led to studies on fault diagnosis and tolerance. Fault-injection (FI) techniques are widely used to measure the fault-tolerance capabilities of resilient systems. FI techniques suffer from limitations in relation to environmental conditions and system features. Moreover, a hardware-based FI can cause permanent damage to the target system, because the actual circuit cannot be restored. Accordingly, we propose a simulation-based FI framework based on the Verilog Procedural Interface for measuring the failure rates of SoCs caused by soft errors. We execute five benchmark programs using an ARM Cortex M0 processor and inject soft errors using the proposed framework. The experiment has a 95% confidence level with a ±2.53% error, and confirms the reliability and feasibility of using proposed framework for fault analysis in SoCs.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

According to the traditional receptor model, competitive antagonists share with agonists the ability to bind to a common site on receptors, but they are different from agonist in that they cannot trigger the biological response-i.e., they lack intrinsic efficacy. Recent findings extend the model by indicating that not all antagonists display an intrinsic efficacy of zero but that some display 'inverse agonism'. In the present study we studied the inverse agonism at $A_1$ adenosine receptors in membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Eight commercially available $A_1$ adenosine receptor antagonists (CGS-15943, ADPX, CPT, DPCPX, DPX, N-0840, PACPX and 8-PT) were screened for inverse agonism by measuring the extent of $[^{35}S]guanosine-5'-({\gamma}-thio)$ triphosphate $([^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S)$ binding to G proteins. The agonist-induced stimulation of $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ bindings was completely blocked in the presence of $A_1$ adenosine receptor antagonists. Under optimal conditions, two types of antagonists could be distinguished. Seven antagonists including DPCPX decreased the basal $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ binding in the absence of agonist, displaying inverse agonist activity. One (CGS-15943) had no effect on the basal bindings. N-ethylmaleimide treatment reduced the basal bindings as well as agonist-mediated stimulation of $[^{35}S]GTP_{\gamma}S$ bindings, indicating that a substantial amount of this binding reflects an activated state of the C proteins. In good agreement with these findings, 0.1 mM GTP decreased the apparent affinity of the receptors for the agonist PIA, increased that for DPCPX, and had no effect on that for CGS-15943.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.985-994
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• 2000

Objective : There are some advantages of trigeminal evoked potential(TEP) recording compared to other somatosensory evoked potential(SSEP) recordings. The trigeminal sensory pathway has a pure sensory nerve branch, a broader receptive field in cerebral cortex, and a shorter pathway. Despite these advantages, there is little agreement as to what constitutes a normal response and what wave forms truly characterize the intraoperative TEP. This study presents the normative data of TEP recorded on the epidural surface of the rat with a platinum ball electrode. Materials & Methods : Under general anesthesia with urethane, the adult Sprague-Dawley male rats(300-350g) were given electrical stimulation with two stainless steel electrodes which were inserted into the subcutaneous layer of the area around whiskers. A reference electrode was positioned in the temporalis muscle ipsilateral to the recording site. Results : TEPs were recorded in the Par I area of somatosensory cortex and recorded most apparently on the point of 2mm posterior from the bregma and 6mm lateral from the midline. The typical wave form consisted of 5 peaks (N1-P1-N2-P2-N3 according to emerging order, upward negativity). Each latency to corresponding peaks was not influenced by the different intensities of stimulation, especially from 1 to 5mA. Average latencies of 5 peaks were in the following order ; 7.7, 11.1, 15, 22.3, 29.4ms. There was also no significant difference between latencies before and after administration of muscle relaxant(pancuronium). For the electrophysiological localization of recorded waves, the action potential of a single unit was recorded with glass microelectrode(filled with 2M NaCl, $3-5M{\Omega}$) in the thalamus of rat. A sharp wave was recorded in the VPM nucleus, in which the latency was shorter than that of N1. This suggests that all 5 peaks were generated by neural activities in the suprathalamic pathway. Conclusion : In terms of recording near-field potentials, our data also suggests that TEP in the rat may be superior to other SSEPs. In overall, these results may afford normative data for the studies of supratentorial lesions such as hydrocephalus or cerebral ischemia which can have an influence on near-field potentials.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2010

We developed a RFID terminal to voice guide the blind who have difficulties in reaching out to the pharmaceutical information. In this work, we used RFID technology to instruct the pharmaceutical information to the blind. The voice guidance reader was made to read the RFID tag attached to the drugs and announced the pharmaceutical information matching to the tag specific ID. We had the reader to obtain the pharmaceutical information from the ezDrug site operated by Korea Food & Drug Association. The voice guidance reader was fabricated as necklace type for the easy carry, and we added mp3 player as dual uses. ARM series Cortex M3 chip was used for the reader's core chip and low power MFRC523 chipset of NXP was used to construct RFID circuit. MFRC523 chip uses low power to meet the mobile application. We used VS1003B MP3 Decoder IC to make the voice generation circuit and CC2500 chipset for the wireless communication to the pharmaceutical information server. We also developed the system that can support ISO 14443A type and ISO 14443B type so that the system can be used to extend to various RFID protocols. Utilization of this system can conveniently convey the pharmaceutical information to the blind and reduce the drug abuse.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.213-232
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was designed to establish a characteristic discrimination of internal and external morphological standard of original plants and herbal states in Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ and A. amurense $M_{AXIM}.$. Methods : In this studies, the external-internal morphological standards were determined by using stereoscope and butanol series. Results : 1. In the external shape of original plant, Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ has high stem, an oval-elliptic leaflet and a serrate leaf margin. But A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ has a relatively low stem, an upside oval leaflet and no serrate leaf margin. 2. On the herbs character of original plant, Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is small in height and diameter, but A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is relatively large in height and diameter. 3. On the gathered herbs character of original plant, the section of Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is brightly white, easily spilt and strong scent. But the section of A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is thin yellowish brown, not easily spilt and weak scent. Also the grade of gathered herbs, both can be classified by diameter and external scent. 4. In the current herbs character, Korean and Sichuan Province products are irregullar shape and have no scent, Jilin Province products are regular shape. Also, Guangxi Province products are small size and concave in one side, Hebei Province products are irregular size and shape. 5. In internal shape of original plant, epidermal cell of Arisaema amurense var. serratum is very tight. With the except of micro difference in parenchyma cell of cortex, on the whole there are nearly no differences with A. amurense $M_{AXIM}.$ Also, samely in the internal shape, according to collecting sites, epidermis exhibits a lot layer in curving state and secreting duct is developed and vascular bundle and exists between parenchyma cell of cortex. Conclusion : In the future, additional study is needed to distinguish herb and effect between same genus-degree of relatedness.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.448-454
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• 2000

Microglia, brain resident macrophages, play a central role in the inflammatory responses of the brain and are activated in brain injuries and several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, thereby aggravating the course of these diseases. In this study, the effects of plantderived compounds such as curcumin or gingerol on the microglial activation were examined. Microglial cultures were prepared from 2~3 week mixed primary glial cultures obtained from the cerebral cortex of 1~2 day old rats and identified by immunocytochemistry using microglial-specific antibody OX-42. Microglia were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) and the effect of curcumin or 6-gingerol on the microglial activation was examined. Specific parameters measured to monitor microglial activation were nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E$_2$(PGE$_2$) and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) release. Curcumin (1~10 $\mu$M) inhibited NO release induced by LPS and IFN-${\gamma}$ in a dose-dependent manner whereas 6-gingerol (2~20 $\mu$M) did not have any effect on LPS/IFN-${\gamma}$-induced NO release. The levels of PGE$_2$and TNF-$\alpha$ induced by LPS and IFN-${\gamma}$ were also inhibited by 1~10 $\mu$M curcumin in a dose-dependent manner. These results showed that curcumin could modulate microglial activation.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.121-127
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate potential effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on bimanual force control capabilities in healthy young adults. Method: Eighteen right-handed healthy young adults (10 females and 8 males; age: 23.55 ± 3.56 yrs) participated in this crossover design study. All participants were randomly allocated to both active-tDCS and sham-tDCS conditions, respectively. While receiving 20 min of active- or sham-tDCS interventions, all participants performed bimanual isometric force control tasks at four submaximal targeted force levels (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15, and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction: MVC). To compare bimanual force control capabilities including force accuracy, variability, and regularity between active-tDCS and sham-tDCS conditions, we conducted two-way repeated measures ANOVAs (2 × 4; tDCS condition × Force levels). Results: We found no significant difference in baseline MVC between active-tDCS and sham-tDCS conditions. Moreover, our findings revealed that providing bilateral tDCS including anodal tDCS on left primary motor cortex (M1) and cathodal on right M1 while conducting bimanual force control trials significantly decreased force variability and regularity at 5%MVC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that providing bilateral tDCS on M1 areas may improve bimanual force control capabilities at a relatively low targeted force level.