• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제63권6호
• /
• pp.735-742
• /
• 2017

Steel cables as the most important components are widely used in the certain types of structures such as cable-supported bridges, but the long-span structures may result in an increase in fatigue under high stress and corrosion of steel cables. The traditional steel cable is becoming a more evident hindrance. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) cables with lightweight, high-strength are widely used in civil engineering, but there is little research in vibrational characteristics of FRP cables, especially on the damping characteristic. This article studied the two methods to evaluate dynamical damping characteristic of basalt FRP(BFRP) and glass FRP(GFRP) cables. First, the vibration tests of the B/G FRP cables with different diameter and different cable force were executed. Second, the cables forces were calculated using dynamic strain, static strain and dynamic acceleration respectively, which were further compared with the measured force. Third, experimental modal damping of each cables was calculated by the half power point method, and was compared with the calculation by Rayleigh damping theory and energy dissipation damping theory. The results indicate that (1) The experimental damping of FRP cables decreases with the increase of cable force, and the trend of experimental damping changes is roughly similar with the theoretical damping. (2) The distribution of modal damping calculated by Rayleigh damping theory is closer to the experimental results, and the damping performance of GFRP cables is better than BFRP cables.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2018

A boiler system transforms water to pressured supercritical steam which drives the running of the turbine to rotate in the generator to produce electricity in power plants. Materials for building the tube system face challenges from high temperature creep damage, thermal fatigue/expansion, fireside and steam corrosion, etc. A database on the creep resistance strength and steam oxidation of the materials is important to the long-term reliable operation of the boiler system. Generally, the ferritic steels, i.e., grade 1, grade 2, grade 9, and X20, are extensively used as the superheater (SH) and reheater (RH) in supercritical (SC) and ultra supercritcal (USC) power plants. Currently, advanced austenitic steel, such as TP347H (FG), Super304H and HR3C, are beginning to replace the traditional ferritic steels as they allow an increase in steam temperature to meet the demands for increased plant efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to provide the state-of-the-art knowledge on boiler tube materials, including the strengthening, metallurgy, property/microstructural degradation, oxidation, and oxidation property improvement and then describe the modern microstructural characterization methods to assess and control the properties of these alloys. The paper covers the limited experience and experiment results with the alloys and presents important information on microstructural strengthening, degradation, and oxidation mechanisms.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2016

섬유금속적층판은 우수한 피로특성, 내부식성, 충격저항 등으로 인하여 항공우주산업에서 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 다구찌 기법을 사용하여 섬유금속적층판의 내부 에너지 해방률을 향상시킬 수 있는 공정 조건을 도출하는 절차에 대해 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 내부 접착력 향상을 위한 제조공정을 도출하기 위해서, 표면처리, 접착필름의 용융점 유지시간 및 초기 압력이 서로 다르다는 조건하에서 제작한 시편들에 대해서 Double cantilever beam과 End-notched flexure 시험을 수행하였다. 시험으로부터 모드 I과 모드 II의 에너지 해방률을 측정한 후, 다구찌 기법의 망대특성에 의한 신호 잡음비를 비교하여 효율적인 제조공정을 도출하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2009

Die steel for plastic molding were used as mold material of automobile parts and electronic component industry. The material of this paper has superior to mechanical properties, such as repair weldability, corrosion resistance and high temperature strength, required mold parts for semitransparent. Laser-induced surface hardening technology is widely adopted to improver fatigue life and wear resistance via localized hardening at the surface of mold parts. The objective of this research work is to investigate on the characteristics of surface hardening of the laser process parameters, such as beam travel speed, laser power and defocsued spot position, for the case of die steel for plastic molding. Lens for surface hardening of large area is plano-convex type with elliptical profile to maintain uniform laser irradiation. According to the experimental results, large size of hardened layer at the surface of die steel for plastic molding was achieved, and microstructure of this layer was lath martensite. Optimal surface status and mechanical property of hardened layer could be obtained at 1095Watt, $0.25{\sim}0.3m/min$, 0mm (focal length: 232mm) for laser power, beam travel speed, and focal position. Where, heat input was $0.793{\times}10^{3}J/cm^2$, and width of hardened layer was 27.58mm.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.144-156
• /
• 1999

Thermal Barrier Coating with Functional Gradient Materials (FGM-TBC) can play an important role to protect the parts from harmful environments in high temperatures such as oxidation, corrosion, and wear and to improve the efficiency of aircraft engine by lowering the surface temperature on turbine blade. FGM-TBC can increase the life spans of product and improve the operating properties. Therfore, in this study the evaluations of mechanical and thermal properties of FGM-TBC such as fatigue, oxidation and wear-resistance at high temperatures have been conducted. The samples of both the TBC with 2, 3, 5 layers (YSZ/NiCrAlY) to be produced by Air Plasma Spray method (APS) and the bulk TBC with 6 layers to be produced by Plasma Assisted Sintering method (PAS) were used. Furthermore, residual stress, bond strength, and thermal conductivity were evaluated. The average thickness of the APS was 500$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 600$\mu\textrm{m}$ and the average thickness of the PAS was 3mm. The hardness number of the top layer of APS was 750 Hv to 810Hv and that of PAS was 950 Hv to 1440Hv. The $ZrO_2$ coating layer of APS was composed of tetragonal structure after spraying as the result of XRD analysis. As shown in the results of the high temperature wear test, the 3 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $800^{\circ}C$ and the 5 layer coating of APS had the best wear resistance at $600^{\circ}C$. But, these coatings had the tendency of the low-temperature softening at $300^{\circ}C$. The main mechanism of wear was the adhesive wear and the friction coefficient of coatings was increased as increasing the test temperatures. A s results of thermal conductivity test, the ${\Delta}T$ of the APS coating was increased as number of layer and the range of thermal conductivity of the PAS was $800^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2011

이 연구에서는 신형소파블록을 대상으로 실험 및 수치해석을 수행하여 역학적 성능을 평가하고 적절한 보강재의 배근에 따른 구조성능 향상 효과를 검토하였다. 수치해석을 통하여 신형소파블록에 인장응력이 발생하는 위치와 크기를 예측하여 보강재를 설계하였다. 보강재로는 일반 철근 및 해양환경에 적합하도록 부식과 피로에 장점을 지닌 섬유보강재(FRP)를 사용하였다. 실험을 통하여 보강재가 없는 무근 신형소파블록의 파괴하중은 350 kN으로 소파블록의 자중에 비하여 6.2배로 나타났으며, 철근이나 FRP보로 보강한 실험체는 모두 실험의 최고하중인 900 kN 이상의 강도를 보였다. 위험단면을 통과하는 보강재의 개수는 시공의 편의를 위해서는 굵은 지름의 단일 보강재를 사용하는 것이 유리하지만 가는 지름의 보강재 여러 개를 사용하여 균열 폭을 감소시키는 것이 바람직하다는 결과를 얻었다.

• Biomedical Engineering Letters
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.337-344
• /
• 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an alternative metal fabrication technology. The outstanding advantage of AM (3D-printing, direct manufacturing), is the ability to form shapes that cannot be formed with any other traditional technology. 3D-printing began as a new method of prototyping in plastics. Nowadays, AM in metals allows to realize not only net-shape geometry, but also high fatigue strength and corrosion resistant parts. This success of AM in metals enables new applications of the technology in important fields, such as production of medical implants. The 3D-printing of medical implants is an extremely rapidly developing application. The success of this development lies in the fact that patient-specific implants can promote patient recovery, as often it is the only alternative to amputation. The production of AM implants provides a relatively fast and effective solution for complex surgical cases. However, there are still numerous challenging open issues in medical 3D-printing. The goal of the current research review is to explain the whole technological and design chain of bio-medical bone implant production from the computed tomography that is performed by the surgeon, to conversion to a computer aided drawing file, to production of implants, including the necessary post-processing procedures and certification. The current work presents examples that were produced by joint work of Polygon Medical Engineering, Russia and by TechMed, the AM Center of Israel Institute of Metals. Polygon provided 3D-planning and 3D-modelling specifically for the implants production. TechMed were in charge of the optimization of models and they manufactured the implants by Electron-Beam Melting ($EBM^{(R)}$), using an Arcam $EBM^{(R)}$ A2X machine.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.167-172
• /
• 2023

Titanium alloys are widely recognized among engineering materials owing to their impressive mechanical properties, including high strength-to-weight ratios, fracture toughness, resistance to fatigue, and corrosion resistance. Consequently, applications involving titanium alloys are more susceptible to damage from unforeseen events, such as scratches. Nevertheless, the impact of microscopic damage remains an area that requires further investigation. This study delves into the microscopic wear behavior of α-titanium crystal structures when subjected to linear scratch-induced damage conditions, utilizing molecular dynamics simulations as the primary methodology. The configuration of crystal lattice structures plays a crucial role in influencing material properties such as slip, which pertains to the movement of dislocations within the crystal structure. The molecular dynamics technique surpasses the constraints of observing microscopic phenomena over brief intervals, such as sub-nano- or pico-second intervals. First, we demonstrate the localized transformation of lattice structures at the end of initialization, indentation, and wear processes. In addition, we obtain the exerted force on a rigid sphere during scratching under linear movement. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the relaxation period between indentation and scratch deformation. Finally, we conduct a comparison study of nanoindentation between crystal and amorphous Ti substrates. Thus, this study reveals the underlying physics of the microscopic transformation of the α-titanium crystal structure under wear-like accidental events.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 1987

용접부(鎔接部)에서 잔류응력(殘留應力)은 용접열(鎔接熱)에 의한 국부(局部) 가열(加熱)과 불규칙적(不規則的)이고 비교적(比較的) 급속(急速)한 냉각(冷却)으로 유발(誘發)되는 열응력(熱應力)과 구조물(構造物)의 강성(剛性) 및 재료(材料) 등에 의하여 발생(發生)되며, 잔류응력(殘留應力)의 존재(存在)는 취성파괴강도(脆性破壞强度), 피로강도(疲勞强度), 좌굴강도(挫屈强度), 진동특성(振動特性), 부식저항(腐蝕抵抗) 등에 영향(影響)을 미치는 궁극적(窮極的) 요인(要因)으로 간주(看做)됨으로 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 구조물(構造物)의 강도(强度)를 저하(低下)시키고 기능(機能)에 악영향(惡影響)을 끼치는 잔류응력(殘留應力)의 기구학적(機構學的) 특성(特性)을 파악(把握)하기 위하여 SWS 58 강판(鋼板)을 X홈 용접(鎔接)하여 이것을 4단계(段階) 즉 $350^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$로 열처리(熱處理)하여 hole drilling method를 사용(使用)하여 잔류응력(殘留應力)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果), 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 잔류응력(殘留應力)을 제거(除去)시키는 가장 효과적(效果的)인 온도(溫度)는 $650^{\circ}C$ 정도(程度)이었고, 구멍의 직경(直經)이 구멍의 깊이와 일치할 때 구멍바로 근처(近處)의 소성변형(塑性變形)은 완전(完全)히 해방(解放)되었으며, 경도시험(硬度試驗)을 통(通)해 열처리(熱處理) 후(後) 열영향부(熱影響部)의 높은 경도(硬度)가 모두 삭감(削減)되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 또한 잔류응력(殘留應力)에 끼치는 용접입열(鎔接入熱)의 영향(影響)은 입열량(入熱量)의 표준(標準)보다 1/4 이상(以上), 이하(以下)인 경우 잔류응력(殘留應力)은 용접입열(鎔接入熱)에 큰 영향(影響)이 없음을 알았다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.46-51
• /
• 2015

스테인레스강은 고온, 고압에서 부식에 효과적인 재료로써 액화수소, 가스 등을 저장하는 저장용기 및 고온의 유체들을 이송하는 배관재료로 널리 사용되고 있다. 일반적으로 스테인레스강의 용접은 TIG용접이 이용되어지고 있으며 용접후 용접부위에 발생하는 초기 용접결함 및 사용중 발생하는 열적 피로균열 등이 재료의 신뢰성을 저하하는 요인들로 지적되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 레이저 유도초음파를 이용하여 초기 용접결함에 대한 초음파 특성 규명을 위하여 스테인레스강의 용접부에 인공균열의 크기를 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm 길이로 가공후 유도초음파의 결함 길이 변화에 따른 특성을 평가하였다. 배관의 두께 등을 고려하여 L(0,1)모드와 L(0,2)모드를 이용하였으며 각각의 모드가 결함의 길이 변화에 따라 변화를 보였지만 L(0,2)모드가 L(0,1)모드보다 결함 길이에 더욱 민감하게 반응하였다. 본 연구에서는 L(0,1)모드와 L(0,2)모드의 진폭비를 구하여 결함과의 연관성을 평가한 결과 결함 길이와 선형적인 관계를 나타냄으로써 각 모드를 단독적으로 평가하는 것보다는 두 모드의 진폭비를 이용하여 결함을 평가하는 것이 더욱 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.