• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.5A
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• pp.279-289
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• 2012

Characteristics, such as the support limit and distortions, of minimum mean-squared error (MSE) N-level uniform and nonuniform scalar quantizers are studied for the family of the generalized gamma density functions as N increases. For the study, MSE-optimal scalar quantizers are designed at integer rates from 1 to 16 bits/sample, and their characteristics are compared with corresponding asymptotic formulas. The results show that the support limit formulas are generally accurate. They also show that the distortion of nonuniform quantizers is observed to converge to the Panter-Dite asymptotic constant, whereas the distortion of uniform quantizers exhibits slow or even stagnant convergence to its corresponding Hui-Neuhoff asymptotic constant at the studied rate range, though it may stay at a close proximity to the asymptotic constant for the Rayleigh and Laplacian pdfs. Additional terms in the asymptote result in quite considerable accuracy improvement, making the formulas useful especially when rate is 8 or greater.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.881-888
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• 1994

The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess sodium tris(diethylamino)aluminum hydride (ST-DEA) with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups under standardized conditions(tetrahydrofuran, $0{\circ}$) were studied in order to characterize the reducing characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The reducing ability of STDEA was also compared with those of the parent sodium aluminum hydride (SAH) and lithium tris(diethylamino)aluminum hydride (LTDEA). The reagent appears to be milder than LTDEA. Nevertheless, the reducing action of STDEA is very similar to that observed previously for LTDEA, as is the case of the corresponding parent sodium and lithium aluminum hydrides. STDEA shows a unique reducing characteristics. Thus, benzyl alcohol, phenol and 1-hexanol evolved hydrogen slowly, whereas 3-hexanol and 3-ethyl-3-pentanol, secondary and tertiary alcohols, were essentially inert to STDEA. Primary amine, such as n-hexylamine, evolved only 1 equivalent of hydrogen slowly. On the other hand, thiols examined were absolutely stable. STDEA reduced aidehydes and ketones rapidly to the corresponding alcohols. The stereoselectivity in the reduction of cyclic ketones by STDEA was similar to that by LTDEA. Quinones, such as p-benzoquinone and anthraquinone, were reduced to the corresponding 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexadienes without evolution of hydrogen. Carboxylic acids and anhydrides were reduced very slowly, whereas acid chlorides were reduced to the corresponding alcohols readily. Esters and epoxides were also reduced readily. Primary carboxamides consumed hydrides for reduction slowly with concurrent hydrogen evolution, but tertiary amides were readily reduced to the corresponding tertiary amines. The rate of reduction of aromatic nitriles was much faster than that of aliphatic nitriles. Nitrogen compounds examined were also reduced slowly. Finally, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, and cyclohexyl tosylate were readily reduced without evolution of hydrogen. In addition to that, the reagent appears to be an excellent partial reducing agent: like LTDEA, STDEA converted ester and primary carboxamides to the corresponding aldehydes in good yields. Furthermore, the reagent reduced aromatic nitriles to the corresponding aldehydes chemoselectively in the presence of aliphatic nitriles. Consequently, STDEA can replace LTDEA effectively, with a higher selectivity, in most organic reductions.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.11c
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• pp.97-100
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• 2007

There are regulations on each building for its classification and It is corresponding determined contract demand. For transformer's capability calculation algorithm, cumulated power information of each customer is used to analysis the correlation between power usage and Demand Rate. By modeling this using Least Square Method, it can be targeted to recognize the pattern of transformer use in the past and make a prediction on it in the future.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.323-324
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• 2012

Flammability limits of opposed flow diffusion flame in a narrow channel was investigated experimentally and theoretically. There were three different extinction modes corresponding to high strain rate (HSR), low strain rate (LSR) and dilution ratio (DR) limits. To investigate these limits, a theoretical study was followed by focusing on flow and heat transfer characteristics. Consequently, a dead space concept that has been used for premixed flames was important to reveal the heat loss mechanism in a narrow channel especially for LSR conditions even in the case of diffusion flames.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1987

In this paper, a deterministic EOQ model with interest rate in which a proportion (${\beta}$) of the demand is backlogged and the rest (1-${\beta}$) is lost. The optimal order quantity is derived and the corresponding average cost is obtained, Sensitivity analysis is performed to sec the influence of interest rate on the optimal order quantity and the average cost. Finally a numerical example is given in which optimum quantities of the model developed in this study and those of the conventional EOQ model are compared.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1387-1390
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• 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in incidence of breast cancer in women less than 40 years in Asia. Materials and Methods: Registered cases of female breast cancer age less than 40 years and corresponding person years were ascertained from the CI5plus for 10 registries in Asia for the duration of 1970- 2002. Cases were categorized into three age groups: 16-40, 16-29, and 30-40. The 16-40 age group was adjusted to world age population structure. Joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to determine the annual percent of change (APC) and the average annual percent of change (AAPC) for each age group. Results: A total of 23,661 cases of breast cancer occurred in the 10 registries during the 32 years (1970-2002) of follow-up. The overall age adjusted (16-40 group) breast cancer incidence rate increased from 2.28-4.26 cases per 100,000 population corresponding to an AAPC of 2.6% (95%CI 2.1, 3.0). The trend in incidence for the age group 16-29 increased from 0.45-1.07 corresponding to an AAPC of 2.8% (95%CI 1.9, 3.7). In age group 30 to 40, the incidence ranged from 13.3 in year 1970 to 24.8 in year 2002 corresponding to an AAPC of 2.7% (95% CI 2.3, 3.1). There were two statistically significant changing points in the regression line for the age groups 30-40 and 16-40: one point in the year 1975 with an APC of 6.1 (5.1, 7.1), and the other in 1985 with an APC of 0.4% (0.01, 0.8). Conclusions: Our study proved that: 1) the incidence of breast cancer in young women has increased in Asian population during the study period; 2) the rate of increase was very high during the period of 1980-1990.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.357-362
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• 1994

Five adult sheep were exposed to intermittent cold for 12 h (18:00-06:00) at an air temperature of $5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ followed by 12 h (06:00-18:00) at $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ over a period of 8 days continuously. Carotid artery blood (Tc), mean skin (Ts) and mean body (Tb = 0.86 Tc + 0.14 Ts) temperatures, heat production rate (HP), respiratory evaporative heat loss, respiration rate (RR) and volume were measured before and after exposure. Tc during the 12 h cold period of intermittent cold exposure was similar to that during the corresponding period in the warm environment, while Tc in the $25^{\circ}C$ of intermittent cold was higher (p < 0.05) than that in the corresponding period in the warm environment. Ts during the cold period markedly decreased (p < 0.001) by about $9^{\circ}C$ when compared with that in the corresponding time period in the warm environment, while Ts during the $25^{\circ}C$ period of intermittent cold recovered to a similar level to that in the warm environment. Tb was lower (p < 0.001) during the cold period of intermittent cold, whereas a slight increase in Tb during the $25^{\circ}C$ period of intermittent cold was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with the value during the similar period in the warm environment. HP was greatly increased (p < 0.001) by cold exposure, followed by an immediate decrease during the first one hour of the 12 h warm period, reaching a similar level to that in the warm environment. A lower (p < 0.05) RR was observed during both the cold and $25^{\circ}C$ period of intermittent cold than during the corresponding periods in the warm environment. The results of the present investigation clearly show that the body temperature of sheep increased during a 12 h warm period following 12 h of exposure to cold. These results suggest that during a warm period of an intermittent cold exposure cycle, heat could be shored in the animal body.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.19B no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2012

We carried out study to prove effectiveness as stimulating corresponding points to lung in hand to experiment applied analysis parameters for image and audio signals in this paper. To this end we collected facial image and voice before and after stimulating corresponding points to lung in hand to a male 20s 25 people. In addition, we analyzed change color, voice energy and speaking rate of right cheek area corresponding points to lung to suggest the theory of the Oriental medicine diagnosis based on data collected. As a result, after performing hand acupuncture, L value of right cheek area decreased average 2.33 and a value b value increased 0.76, 0.97 on average. In addition, size of voice energy increased average 0.42, speaking rate decreased average 0.07. In other words, effect of lung function was improved using hand acupuncture corresponding points to lung.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.34-45
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• 2019

Purpose - This study investigates the lead-lag relations between the prices of major commodities imported into Korea and corresponding shipping freight rates. This paper aims to provide implications for cross-market causal relations between related economic segments. Design/Methodology - For economic long-run equilibrium between commodity prices and freights, a Johansen (1988) cointegration test is employed first. Then, Granger (1987) causality tests are performed under the vector error correction model (VECM) framework. Findings - The results indicate that the direction of causality varies by raw materials, which is attributable to different economic mechanisms in the corresponding shipping transportation sectors. In addition, the significance of causality becomes blurred during the post-2008 period. Practical Implication - Corporate managers in commodity trading, steelmaking, power generation, and oil refinery sectors can take advantage of the findings in this study as identifying leading economic indicators can be helpful for decision making in both short- and long-term strategies. Originality/value - This study is the first attempt to analyze the inter-relations between commodity prices and corresponding freight rates focusing on raw material imports of Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4549-4553
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. Data from the literature indicate differences between the proliferation rate of endothelial cells relative to the morphology growth type, possibly due to origin of specimens (autopsy material, surgery fragments) or quantification methods. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a factor that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. It is expressed in more than 90% of cases of metastatic CRC. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF expression in primary tumors and corresponding liver metastases. Materials and Methods: Our study included 24 recent biopsies of primary tumors and corresponding liver metastases of CRC cases. CD34/Ki67 double immunostaining and RNA scope assay for VEGF were performed. Results: In the primary tumors analysis of VEGFmRNA expression indicated no significant correlation with differentiation grade, proliferative and non-proliferative vessels in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas. In contrast, in the corresponding liver metastases, VEGFmRNA expression significantly correlated with the total number of non-proliferative vessels and total number of vessels. CD34/Ki67 double immunostaining in the cases with poorly differentiated carcinoma indicated a high number of proliferating endothelial cells in the peritumoral area and a low number in the intratumoral area for the primary tumor. Moderately differentiated carcinomas of colon showed no proliferating endothelial cells in the intratumoral area in half of the cases included in the study, for both, primary tumor and liver metastasis. In well differentiated CRCs, in primary tumors, a high proliferation rate of endothelial cells in the intratumoral area and a lower proliferation rate in the peritumoral area were found. A low value was found in corresponding liver metastasis. Conclusions: The absence of proliferative endothelial cells in half of the cases for the primary tumors and liver metastases in moderately differentiated carcinoma suggest a vascular mimicry phenomenon. The mismatch between the total number of vessels and endothelial proliferation in primary tumors indicate that a functional vascular network is already formed or the existence of some mechanisms influenced by other angiogenic factors.