• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8765-8774
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• 2014

This study aimed at summarizing epidemiological research findings on associations between tobacco, alcohol and tea consumption and risk of gastric cancer (GC) in the Chinese population. The review searched PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China Biology Medicine (CBM) databases and reference lists of review papers for all studies published in English or Chinese languages. Information extracted, via two independent researchers, from retrieved articles included first author, year of publication, study design, sample size, source of controls and adjusted odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each category. Statistical analyses used software STATA version 12.0. The systematic search found 89 articles containing 25,821 GC cases and 135,298 non-cases. The overall random effects in terms of pooled OR and 95%CI for tobacco, alcohol and tea consumption were 1.62 (95%CI: 1.50-1.74), 1.57 (95%CI: 1.41-1.76) and 0.67 (95%CI: 0.59-0.76) respectively; while the heterogeneity among included studies ranged from 80.1% to 87.5%. The majority of subgroup analyses revealed consistent results with the overall analyses. All three behavioral factors showed statistically significant dose-dependent effects on GC (P<0.05). The study revealed that tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were associated with over 1/2 added risk of GC, while tea drinking conferred about 1/3 lower risk of GC in the Chinese population. However, these results should be interpreted with caution given the fact that most of the included studies were based on a retrospective design and heterogeneity among studies was relatively high.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

Purpose : To know the possibility of clinical application of MRI using oxygen inhalation as a perfusion MRI Materials and methods : Two healthy volunteers and three patients of one moyamoya disease, one acute infarction and one meningioma were studied using a 1.5 Tesla MRI unit. Oxygen (15 liters/min) mixed with room air was given using face mask from 8 second to 35 second during the study. Images were acquired 25 times (scan time per study were 1.6 seconds) using susceptibility contrast EPI (echo planar image) sequence. Difference maps were acquired by early (study 12-18), and late (study 19-25) O2 inhalation image groups minus pre-O2 inhalation image group (study 3-9) with a Z-score of 0.7-1.0 using VB31C program of Magneton Vision. The resulting perfusion images were created by superimposition of difference maps on corresponding T1 weighted anatomic images. On moyamoya patient, similar perfusion images were acquired after Gd-DTPA injection, and compared with O2 inhalation perfusion images. Results ; The author can get the perfusion images of the brain by oxygen inhalation with susceptibility contrast EPI sequence at the volunteers, and the patient of moyomoya disease, acute infarction and meningioma. On moyamoya patient, perfusion images with O2 inhalation are similar with perfusion images by Gd-DTPA injection. Conclusion 1 This study has demonstrated that the susceptibility contrast EPI by oxygen inhalation can be used as the clinically useful perfusion MRI technique

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.81-87
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• 2000

Beat-to-beat changes in heart period (heart period variability, HPV) are mediated by fluctuations in autonomic activity. Spectral analysis is used to quantify such fluctuations in the range of 0.15-0.40 Hz (high frequency, HF), which are influenced primarily by parasympathetic factors. These fluctuations are often referred to as RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), the physiological phenomenon extracted by spectral analysis and other methods including histograms of heart rate ( HR), deviations of HR etc. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia indexing with peak-to-valley method suggested by Grossman et at., (1981) yields a simple range statistic and is quantified on breath-by-breath basis, thus being quite sensitive and less dependent on recording time as compared to spectral analysis. It is strongly recommended to use at least 1 min epoch to asses HF component of HPV and at least 2 min fer low frequency (LF) of HPV and even 5 min far valid clinical assessment. Peak-to-valley statistic is limited to RSA index only, but has its pragmatic advantages. Most important is possibility of its application far relatively small epoch analysis. We used short periods (20,30, 40 sec only) and off-line analysis of RSA using ECG and respiration curve this method of assessment and proved that this method is more practically effective. The RSA index was not so far dependent on respiration pattern differences and reflected actual vagal control of HR and were accompanied by low HR under some high stress conditions and in an aversive affective visual stimulation experiments. Another factor that might modulate cardiac chronotropic response is the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs on sino-atrial (SA) node level, because responses to vagal influences are known to be proportional to ongoing sympathetic activity, that is so called accentuated antagonism. Since sympathetic outflow (increment of influences on SA) under negative emotions or stress was high in almost all physiological responses, vagal effects on HR could be therefore potentiated, leading to masking of output cardiac response seen in HPV, In the case of moderate sympathetic activation, on the other hand, autonomic interactions in cardiac control appear to be minimal. Thus RSA index appears to be an effective alternative method to assess and measure spectral HPV.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.343-353
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• 1999

Microwave(2.45 GHz) was used as energy source in hydrothermal reaction to fabricate ultrafine BaTiO3 powder. Using microwave of 700 W, crytal BaTiO3 began to fom after 5 min in microwave-autoclave sys-tem. The crystallinity was not noticeably increased with increasing longer reaction time than 10 min. On the other hand in microwave-reflux system crytal BaTiO3 began to form after 15min and the crystallinity was not noticeably increased with increasing longer reaction time than 1hr,. In either case particle size dis-tribution was considerably uniform due to the effect of homogeneous heating by microwave. In addition mi-crowave heating gave an extremely small degree of particle agglomeration compared to electric heating. Av-erage sizes of as-synthesized powders were 30-60nm. Ba/Ti ratio in sol played an important role in det-ermining the particle size. It seems that excess barium forms different phases such as Ba(OH)2 which makes thin layer on the surface of BaTiO3 powder. This thin layer would inhibit the agglomeration of Ba-TiO3 powders and keep the small grain size. In microwave-autoclave system tetragonal-BaTiO3 was formed directly by the reaction of only 15 min. In the case of microwave-reflux system tetragonal-BaTiO3 was formed by driyng over 25$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.537-549
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• 2021

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the research trends of published articles in Korean journals dealing with Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) from 1998 through 2018. A total of 185 papers were analyzed about an affiliation of corresponding author, type and dimension of TCI, and research contents considering the major publication regarding the Korean version of the TCI and major event in Korea. The results were as followed. First, most researchers belonged to university (53%) and hospital (44%). Second, both temperament and character dimensions (65%) were often used rather than temperament dimension only (34%). Third, regarding the subjects, adults (52%), children and adolescents (38%), and preschoolers (10%) appeared the most frequently used in the order. Fourth, we found that psychopathology (36%), personality (22%), health (16%), addiction (10%), assessment (8%) were the most popular areas of concern. Based on these results with the focus of analysis on the relationships between research subjects and research contents, implications and directions for future research and clinical settings regarding the treatment effect using the TCI character dimensions and diverse age groups were discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 1988

Estradiol-17${\beta}$($E_2$) levels in the blood were estimated according to varying the time and amount of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$. $Clomid^{(R)}$ were administered on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th menstrual day corresponding to the recruitment period and on the 5th menstrual day corresponding to the selection period of the ovarian follicles, respectively. And $Clomid^{(R)}$ were administered 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg/day, repectively. The effects of the sequential HMG to $E_2$ levels in the blood were also estimated. The results were as following : 1. Blood $E_2$ levels according to the day and amount of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were the highest in the group 3(D $2{\sim}6$, 150 mg/day, with HMG) and the lowest in the group 6(D $5{\sim]9$, 50 mg/day, without HMG). $E_2$ levels showed increasing tendency to 0 day. 2. In the cases of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $2nd{\sim}6th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the amount were similar among groups and showed increasing tendency daily. 3. In the cases of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $2nd{\sim}6th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG independent of the amount of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were higher in the with HMG group than without HMG groups. 4. In the case of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ during the $5th{\sim}9th$ menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the amount were the highest in the 100 mg/day group and the lowest in the 50mg/day group. 5. In the cases of administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ independent of the amount during the 5th${\sim}$9th menstrual day, $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG were higher in the with HMG group than without HMG group. 6. $E_2$ levels according to the amount independent of the day of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were the highest in the 100 mg/day group and 150 mg/day, 50 mg/day group in low sequence. 7. $E_2$ levels according to the sequential HMG independent of the day and amount of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ were higher in the with HMG group than the without HMG group. 8. $E_2$ levels according to the day of the administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ independent of the amount of $Clomid^{(R)}$ and sequential HMG were the highest in the group D 2${\sim}$6 and the lowest in the group D 5${\sim}$9. According to the above results, there were higher $E_2$ levels in the group with sequential HMG than without HMG. Therefore, the hypothesis, postulated initially by the author, was not verified that sequential HMG would not affect the $E_2$ levels which were related to the process of the selection of the ovarian follicle in the connection with 'FSH window'. Because it may be the stimulation after the selection of later predominant follicle. And the highest level of $E_2$ was estimated in the $Clomid^{(R)}$ 150 mg/day group with sequential HMG on the 2nd${\sim}$6th day, and the higher levels were estimated in the 2nd${\sim}$6th day, 3rd${\sim}$7th day and 4th${\sim}$8th day groups than the 5th${\sim}$9th day group. The lower levels were estimated in the $Clomid^{(R)}$ 50 mg/day group without HMG than 100 mg/day and 150 mg/day on the 5th${\sim}$9th day. Therefore, further study will be needed that combines analyses of the E2 levels in the blood according to the various administration of $Clomid^{(R)}$ with or without sequential HMG and determination of the numbers and size of the ovarian follicles by ultrasonogram.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.9
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• pp.127-142
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• 2005

Not only in Korea but throughout the entire world millions of people are in contact with images. Images have become a medium through which to transmit anything from simple visualizations of moving images to knowledge and information. The age of the internet has arisen thanks to scientific development, and the internet generation's acquisition of information is continuously becoming faster. The spectators, ufo must choose amongst the excessive amount of available information, are changing along with it just as quickly. The method of visual transmission has changed to match the demands of the fast-changing pace of the new generation. In order to receive an instantaneous selection amongst much information, the primary requisite is attracting one's attention, and then presenting a corresponding feeling of satisfaction. The early stages of film arose from the desire to capture one's actual situation as it realty is. Unsatisfied with the still picture, people developed the motion picture. Research has succeeded in reproducing 3-dimensional images more realistic than the actual image we perceive as a result of the difference in visual perspective of both eyes and their response to rays of light From color film to 3-dimensional pictures, people enjoy the magnificent results of this. All fields within the category of film are continuously studying the human desire to pursue their visual side, namely the pursuit of visual images with a maximum sense of reality. The images that millions of people around the world see now are flat. The screen's depth and optical illusions effectively give a sense of reality while conveying information. However, although the flat screen is able to create a sense of depth using the different visual perspective of each eye for the realization of a cubic effect, there are limitations. Entering the 21s1 century, there is a quickly-arising branch within the field of image media which seeks to overcome these limitations Although 3-dimensional images began in films, entering the latter half of the 20th century, due to development of 3-dimensional images using the mediums of the animation field, cellular phones, advertisement screens, television etc., without restriction is designated as 'image.'. With research having started around 1900 and continuing for over 100 years, we are now able to witness the popularization of 3-dimensional films happening before our very eyes. Within our own country, we can frequently see them at amusement parks and museums. In the future, through the popularization of HDTV etc., there is a good outlook for practical use of 3-dimensional images in televisions with advanced picture qualify as well as in other areas. Together with the international current, research on 3-dimensional films has been activated in Korea and is rising as a main current in the film industry. Within this context, the contents and understanding of 3-dimensional images must keep in step with the pace of technical advancements. In order to accelerate of development of film contents to keep in pace with technical developments, this dissertation presents the techniques and technical aspects of future developments, and shows the need to prepare in advance to make the field grow- and thereby avoid having a lack of experts and being conquered by other nations in the field - rather than only advancing the technical aspects and importing the contents. This dissertation aims to stimulate interest and continual research by progressive-thinking people related to the film industry. Part II looks into the definition and types of 3-dimensional motion pictures, the terminology, the fundamentals of image formation, current market fluctuations, and looks into 3-dimensional techniques which can be borrowed and introduced in 3-dimensional animations. Part III concerns 3-dimensional animated films. It analyzes 3-dimensional production techniques while using the introduction of specific animation techniques in the 2004 production Lee Sun Shin and Nelson - Naval Heroes 3-dimensional animation produced in 2004 by Clay & Puppet Stop-Motion Animation & Computer Graphic. Original Korean title: 해전영웅 이순신과 넬슨. as an example, and it also looks into how current film techniques used in animations can be applied in 3-dimensional films. Additionally, the actual stages of the various fields of 3-dimensional animations are presented. Given the current direction and advancement of 3-dimensional films making use of animations and the possible realization of this field, the author plans to weigh the development of this yet unexploited new market Not looking at the current progress of the field, but rather the direction of the hypothetical types of animation techniques, the author predicts the marketability and possibility of development of each area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1132-1139
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• 2008

A CpG island is a short stretch of DNA in which the frequency of the CG dinucleotide is higher than other regions. CpG islands are present in the promoters and exonic regions of approximately $30{\sim}60$% of mammalian genes so they are useful markers for genes in organisms containing 5-methylcytosine in their genomes. Recent evidence supports the notion that the hypermethylation of CpG island, by silencing tumor suppressor genes, plays a major causal role in cancer, which has been described in almost every tumor types. In this respect, CpG island search by computational methods is very helpful for cancer research and computational promoter and gene predictions. I therefore developed a window program (called CpGi) on the basis of CpG island criteria defined by D. Takai and P. A. Jones. The program 'CpGi' was implemented in Visual C++ 6.0 and can determine the locations of CpG islands using diverse parameters (%GC, Obs (CpG)/Exp (CpG), window size, step size, gap value, # of CpG, length) specified by user. The analysis result of CpGi provides a graphical map of CpG islands and G+C% plot, where more detailed information on CpG island can be obtained through pop-up window. Two human contigs, i.e. AP00524 (from chromosome 22) and NT_029490.3 (from chromosome 21), were used to compare the performance of CpGi and two other public programs for the accuracy of search results. The two other programs used in the performance comparison are Emboss-CpGPlot and CpG Island Searcher that are web-based public CpG island search programs. The comparison result showed that CpGi is on a level with or outperforms Emboss-CpGPlot and CpG Island Searcher. Having a simple and easy-to-use user interface, CpGi would be a very useful tool for genome analysis and CpG island research. To obtain a copy of CpGi for academic use only, contact corresponding author.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2000

Screening of Biologically Active Essential Oils from Ligusticum tenuissimum. Kim, Min-Hae, Young-Gil Kim, Jin-Ha Lee, Keo-Pyo Hong, Jung-Ki Hong, Young-Joon Kong, and Hyeon-Yong Lee*. Division of Food and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea, 1 Regional Crop Development Station, Kangwon Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Chunchon 200-150, Korea-The biological activities of the crude essential oils from Ligusticum tenuissimum and the control(phthalic anhydride) were compared. About 60% of the growth of MCF7, A549, and Rep3B cells were inhibited by adding 1.0 mg/ml of the crude essential oils and below 40% was observed by the control. Cytotoxicity on human normal lung cell(IMR90) was scored as 34.4% for the crude oil and 26.4% for control, respectively. It was found that the crude essential oils were more effective than the control in anti mutagenecity tested by both Rec-assay and CRG V79 cells. The growth of human T-cell(Jurkat) was enhanced up to 1.21 times by adding the crude essential oil compared with the control. 50% of a-glucosidase activity was inhibited by both the crude essential oil and the control. ACE activities were inhibited 80.1 % and 65.3% by adding 1.0 mg/ml of the crude oil and the control, respectively. The higher enhancement of glutathione-S-transferase activity was observed in the crude oil than those in the control: 301 % v.s 234% at 1.0 mg/ml of the treatment. Thrombolytic activity was measured as 42.9% and 28.6% for the crude oil and the standard, respectively. The effect of the oil on the nerve cells PCI2, was observed as follows: the neurite of PCl2 cells was lengthened up to 255 /-lm longer than 205 /-lm of control. The number of neurite-bearing cells were about two times higher than control. The survival ratio of the crude essential oil was also increased up to 56.4% which was about two fold higher than in control.