• Carbon letters
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

Carbon materials were synthesized by pyrolysis from fibers of Corn-straw (Zea mays), Rice-straw (Oryza sativa), Jute-straw (Corchorus capsularis) Bamboo (Bombax bambusa), Bagass (Saccharum officinarum), Cotton (Bombax malabaricum), and Coconut (Cocos nucifera); these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectra. All carbon materials are micro sized with large pores or channel like morphology. The unique complex spongy, porous and channel like structure of Carbon shows a lot of similarity with the original anatomy of the plant fibers used as precursor. Waxy contents like tyloses and pits present on fiber tracheids that were seen in the inherent anatomy disappear after pyrolysis and only the carbon skeleton remained; XRD analysis shows that carbon shows the development of a (002) plane, with the exception of carbon obtained from bamboo, which shows a very crystalline character. Raman studies of all carbon materials showed the presence of G- and D-bands of almost equal intensities, suggesting the presence of graphitic carbon as well as a disordered graphitic structure. Carbon materials possessing lesser density, larger surface area, more graphitic with less of an $sp^3$ carbon contribution, and having pore sizes around $10{\mu}m$ favor hydrogen adsorption. Carbon materials synthesized from bagass meet these requirements most effectively, followed by cotton fiber, which was more effective than the carbon synthesized from the other plant fibers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1446-1454
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• 2021

Herein, we cloned and expressed an endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene (celA1805) from Bacillus subtilis B111 in Escherichia coli. The recombinant celA1805 contains a glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 8 domain and shared 76.8% identity with endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bacillus sp. KSM-330. Results showed that the optimal pH and temperature of celA1805 were 6.0 and 50℃, respectively, and it was stable at pH 3-9 and temperature ≤50℃. Metal ions slightly affected enzyme activity, but chemical agents generally inhibited enzyme activity. Moreover, celA1805 showed a wide substrate specificity to CMC, barley β-glucan, lichenin, chitosan, PASC and avicel. The K_m and V_max values of celA1805 were 1.78 mg/ml and 50.09 µmol/min/mg. When incubated with cellooligosaccharides ranging from cellotriose to cellopentose, celA1805 mainly hydrolyzed cellotetrose (G4) and cellopentose (G5) to cellose (G2) and cellotriose (G3), but hardly hydrolyzed cellotriose. The concentrations of reducing sugars saccharified by celA1805 from wheat straw, rape straw, rice straw, peanut straw, and corn straw were increased by 0.21, 0.51, 0.26, 0.36, and 0.66 mg/ml, respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest potential applications of celA1805 in biomass saccharification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1124-1131
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• 2012

Four Thai - rumen fistulated male swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), about four years old with $400{\pm}20kg$ liveweight, were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive dietary treatments. The treatments were: ground corn cob (GCC) replacement for cassava chip (CC) in concentrate at 0% (T1); GCC replacement at 33% (T2); GCC replacement at 67% (T3); and GCC replacement at 100% (T4), respectively. During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% BW while 5% urea-treated rice straw was given at ad libitum. The result revealed that there was no effect of GCC replacement on DMI among treatments. In addition, digestibilities of DM, OM and CP were not different while aNDF linearly increased with an increasing level of GCC replacement. However, GCC replacement did not affect rumen fermentation such as ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N and VFA concentration; except C3 proportion which was the highest at 33% replacement while the lowest was at 100% replacement. All replacements of GCC resulted in similar protozoal and bacterial populations and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Purine derivatives (PD) concentration in urine and PD to creatinine (PDC) index were varied with time of urination and among treatments at 0 to 8 and 8 to 16 h post feeding and higher values were shown among the GCC replacement groups. However at 16 to 24 h-post feeding, it was untraceable. In addition, creatinine concentration was similar among all treatments at every sampling time. Based on the above results, GCC can be used as an energy source for swamp buffalo fed with rice straw. Spot sampling of urine can be used for purine derivatives determination.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1998년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.473-478
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• 1998

Dead animals amended with agricultural rersidues are utilized ai a compost to promote soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution by traditional methods of livestock mortalities. The full-scale bin composting swine mortality in roofed system with three amendments was very successful in reaching sufficient temperature above 55$^{\circ}C$ long enough for pathogen kill. The average temperature of tile compost material in dead swine amended with corn stover increased rapidly to 64$^{\circ}C$ on the 2nd day after primary composting and dropped to near ambient temperature on the 140th day of composting. The composting temperature of corn stover and wheat straw is more efficient for swine carcass composting than that of sawdust.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to provide information for the livestock for the livestock carcass composting operation in agricultural waste management. Burial, landfilling and incineration of livestock carcass may have environmental regulatory and economic liabilities. Dead animals amended with agricultural residues can be composted and used to promote soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution. In this study we evaluated the effect of amendments on the primary and secondary composting reaction and stability of compost. The full-scale composting bin of swine carcass in roofed system with three amendments was adequate in reaching sufficient temperature above 55$^{\circ}C$ long enough to kill the pathogen. The average temperature of the compost material in dead swine amended with corn stover increased rapidly to 64$^{\circ}C$ on the 2nd day after primary composting and dropped to near ambient temperature on the 140th day of composting. The composting with of corn stover and wheat straw are more efficient for swine carcass composting than that of sawdust. Therefore, the amendment property is an important factor in the design of composting facility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.68-72
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• 2004

The effects of the addition of yeast on in vitro roughage degradability and methane production were investigated in order to clarify the effects of yeast on the rumen microbes and to establish methods of rumen manipulation. Three roughages (whole crop corn, rice straw and Italian ryegrass) were incubated for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h with or without dried beer yeast following the method described by Tilley and Terry. Using the same method, these roughages were incubated with or without yeast extract, albumin or purified DNA. In vitro methane production was measured with or without dried beer yeast at 12 and 24 h. The degradability of yeast was found to be 57 and 80% at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The rate of degradation of fraction b was 6.16%/h. There was a significant increase in roughage degradability at 6 h (p<0.05), 12 h (p<0.05) and 24 h (p<0.01) by dried yeast addition. The degradability of all three roughages was higher in the samples treated with yeast extract than in the no addition samples except in the case of rice straw incubated for 12 h. Nevertheless, the magnitude of increment was smaller with the addition of yeast extract than without the addition of yeast. With the addition of purified DNA, there were significant increases in roughage degradability at 6 h (p<0.01), 12 h (p<0.01) and 24 h (p<0.05); however, higher degradability values were detected in the samples to which albumin was added, particularly at 6 h. If the degradability values of the no addition samples with those of samples containing yeast, yeast extract, DNA and albumin were compared, the largest difference was found in the samples to which yeast was added, although it is worth noting that higher values were observed in the yeast extract samples than in the DNA or albumin samples, with the exception of the case of rice straw incubated for 24 h. Methane production was significantly increased at both 12 and 24 h incubation. The increment of roughage degradation and methane production brought about by the addition of dried beer yeast to the samples was thought to be due to the activation of rumen microbes. Water soluble fraction of yeast also seemed to play a role in ruminal microbe activation. The increment of degradability is thought to be partially due to the addition of crude protein or nucleic acid but it is expected that other factors play a greater role. And those factors may responsible for the different effects of individual yeast on ruminal microbes.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 1985

여러 가지 종류의 사료 섬유질이 수탉의 수분 Na 대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 약 1년 된 SCWL 수탉 15수를 공시하였다. 시험사료는 5가지로서, 밀기울, 셀루로스 및 볏짚들로서 대조구의 옥수수를 10% 수준으로 대체하였으며, 펙틴은 8%수준으로 사용하였다. 각 시험사료 처리당 3수의 수탉을 사용하여 3반복으로 하였다. 시험사료의 건물 대사율은 셀루로스구와 볏짚구가 제일 낮았으며 (P$\leq$.05), 대조구와 펙틴구가 제일 높았다. 밀기울사료의 건물 대사율은 이들의 중간 정도이었다. 수탉의 음수량은 사료 g당 음수량으로 표시할 경우 펙틴구가 타 사료구들에 비해 유의하게 (P$\leq$.05) 높았으며, 배설물의 수분 함량도 제일 많았다. 그러나 이러한 음수량의 차이는 수탉을 결장척출수술을 하였을 경우 사라져서 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한 음수량은 수탉을 수술하기 전보다 수술한 후에 유의하게 증가하였다. 배설물의 water holding capacity와 bulk density data는 셀루로스＞볏짚＞밀기울의 순으로 섬유질성이 강함을 보여 주었다. 결장척출수술을 한 탉의 혈장과 요의 $Na^{+}$ 농도와 osmolality는 사료처리구별로 유의성이 없었으며, $C_{Na+}$, $C_{osm}$ 및 $C_{H_2O}$에 있어서도 각 처리구 사이에 5 % 수준에서 유의성이 없었다. 그러나 요 배설량과 osmolality 및 $C_{H_2O}$의 수치들을 종합하여 볼 때, 공시한 15수의 수탉 중에서 11수가 다요증상을 보였으며, 섬유질성이 높은 사료를 섭취하는 수탉일수록 그 증세가 심하였음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 시험에서 공시된 4가지의 섬유질들을 섬유질성이 높은 순으로 나열해 보면 펙틴, 셀루로스, 볏짚 그리고 밀기울의 순서라고 하겠다.하겠다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2002

본 시험은 한우수소 24두를 이용하여 성장단계별 증체량 및 건물 섭취량을 측정하고, 그에 대한 추정식을 유도하기 위하여 수행되었다. 시험구는 조사료 3종류(볏짚, 건초, 옥수수사일리지)와 조사료 급여비율 4수준(100, 60, 40 및 20%)의 3${\times}$4요인시험으로서 공시축은 incomplete turnover design에 의해 처리당 4두씩 배치되었다. 조사료의 종류 및 급여비율에 따른 한우수소의 일일 증체량은 옥수수사일리지 급여구 및 조사료 20% 급여구에서 각각 가장 많았다. 한우수소에게 건초 혹은 옥수수사일리지만 전량 급여하였을 경우에도 전 기간동안 증체가 지속되었지만, 볏짚구에서는 체중 350kg대 이후부터 체중이 감소하였다. 대사체중당 건물 섭취량은 체중이 증가할 수록 줄어들었으며, 조사료 공급원과 조사료 급여비율에 따른 건물 섭취량은 옥수수사일리지 및 조사료 20%구에서 각각 가장 높았다. 대사체중당($BWkg^{0.75}$) 건물 섭취량(DMI, kg/ day)에 따른 한우수소의 일일 증체량(DG, kg) 추정공식은 다음과 같이 유도되었다. DG = －0.842 + 17.5DMI/$BWkg^{0.75}$체중(BW, kg)과 일일 증체량(DG, kg)을 고려한 사료의 NDF 함량(NDF, %)과 건물 섭취량(DMI, kg/day)과의 관계식은 다음과 같이 유도되었다 DMI = 4.125 + 0.013BW + 1.075DG － 0.045NDF

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2009

The current ruminant feeding models require parameterization of the digestion kinetics of carbohydrate fractions in feed ingredients to estimate the supply of nutrients from a ration. Using an automated gas production technique, statistically welldefined digestion rate of carbohydrate, including soluble carbohydrate, can be estimated in a relatively easy way. In this study, the gas production during in vitro fermentation was measured and recorded by an automated gas production system to investigate degradation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of a wide range of ruminant feeds: corn silage, rice straw, corn, soybean hull, soybean meal, and cell mass from lysine production (CMLP). The gas production from un-fractionated, ethanol insoluble residue and neutral detergent insoluble residue of the feed samples were obtained. The gas profiles of carbohydrate fractions on the basis of the carbohydrate scheme of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (A, B1, B2, B3 and C) were generated using a subtraction approach. After the gas profiles were plotted with time, a curve was fitted with a single-pool exponential equation with a discrete lag to obtain kinetic parameters that can be used as inputs for modern nutritional models. The fractional degradation rate constants (Kd) of corn silage were 11.6, 25.7, 14.8 and 0.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. The values were statistically well estimated, assessed by high t-value (>12.9). The Kd of carbohydrate fractions in rice straw were 4.8, 21.1, 5.7 and 0.5%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. Although the Kd of B2 fraction was poorly defined with a t-value of 4.4, the Kd of the other fractions showed tvalues higher than 21.9. The un-fractioned corn showed the highest Kd (18.2%/h) among the feeds tested, and the Kd of A plus B1 fraction was 18.7%/h. Soybean hull had a Kd of 6.0, 29.0, 3.8 and 13.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2, respectively. The large Kd of fraction B2 indicated that NDF in soybean hull was easily degradable. The t-values were higher than 20 except for the B1 fraction (5.7). The estimated Kd of soybean meal was 9.6, 24.3, 5.0%/h for un-fractioned, A and B1 fractions, respectively. A small amount of gas (5.6 ml at 48 ho of incubation) was produced from fermentation of CMLP which contained little carbohydrate. In summary, the automated gas production system was satisfactory for the estimation of well defined (t-value >12) kinetic parameters and Kd of soluble carbohydrate fractions of various feedstuffs that supply mainly carbohydrate. The subtraction approach, however, should be applied with caution for some concentrates, especially those which contain a high level of crude protein since nitrogen-containing compounds can interfere with gas production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2016

Background: Literature is lacking on the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) retention in sheep. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing rye straw with BF-based silage as a roughage source on ruminal parameters, total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, and N balance in sheep. Methods: The by-product feed silage was composed of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (45 %), recycled poultry bedding (RPB) (21 %), rye straw (11 %), rice bran (10.8 %), corn taffy residue (10 %), protected fat (1.0 %), bentonite (0.6 %), and mixed microbial additive (0.6 %). Six sheep were assigned randomly to either the control (concentrate mix + rye straw) or a treatment diet (concentrate mix + BF-based silage). Results: Compared with the control diet, feeding a BF-based silage diet resulted in similar ruminal characteristics (pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate: propionate ratio), higher (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N, higher (p < 0.05) ether extract digestibility, similar crude protein digestibility, lower (p < 0.05) dry matter, fiber, and crude ash digestibilities, and higher (p < 0.05) N retention (g/d) Conclusion: The BF-based silage showed similar energy value, higher protein metabolism and utilization, and lower fiber digestion in sheep compared to the control diet containing rye straw.