• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1161-1161
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• 2001

Rapid cost-effective methods of measuring wood quality are extremely important to tree improvement programs where it is necessary to test large numbers of trees. Non-destructive sampling of a forest can be achieved by using increment cores generally removed at breast height. At CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products methods for the rapid, non-destructive measurement of wood properties and wood chemistry based on increment core samples have been developed. In this paper the application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the prediction of a range solid wood properties, including density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity (E$\sub$L/) and microfibril angle (MFA), is described. Experiments conducted on individual species (Eucalyptus delegatensis and Pinus radiata), the two species combined and a number of mixed species from several genera are reported. NIR spectra were obtained from the radial/longitudinal face of each sample and used to develop calibrations for the measured physical properties. When the individual species were used the relationships between laboratory determined data and NIR fitted data were good in all cases. Coefficients of determination (R$^2$) ranging from 0.77 for MFA to 0.93 for stick density were obtained for E. delegatensis and R$^2$ ranging from 0.68 for MFA to 0.94 for strip density were obtained for P. radiata. The calibration statistics for the combined E. delegatensis and P. radiata samples were similar to those found for the individual species. As these results indicated that it might be possible to produce general calibrations based on samples from a number of species of a single genus or samples from a number of different genera, a wide range of species was subsequently tested. Good relationships were obtained for both density and E$\sub$L/. These calibrations had R$^2$ that were slightly lower than those determined using individual species and standard errors that were higher. The mixed species calibrations, when applied to the E. delegatensis and P. radiata sample sets, provided good estimates of density (stick and strip) and E$\sub$L/. The results demonstrated that a mixed species calibration, that encompasses wide variation in terms of, wood anatomy, chemistry and physical properties, could be used to rank trees. Experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that solid wood properties can be estimated by NIR spectroscopy. The method offers a rapid and non-destructive alternative to traditional methods of analysis and is applicable to large-scale non-destructive forest resource assessment, and to tree breeding and silvicultural programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.601-606
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• 2015

Background: Prostate cancer is predominately a disease of older men, with a median age of diagnosis of 68 years and 71% of cancer deaths occurring in those over 75 years of age. While prostate cancer screening is not recommended for men >70 years, fit elderly men with controlled comorbidities may have a relatively long life expectancy. We compare the use of age related PSA with the detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells mCPCs to detect clinically significant PC in this population. Materials and Methods: All men undergoing PC screening with a PSA >4.0ng/ml underwent TRUS 12 core prostate biopsy (PB). Age, PSA, PB results defined as cancer/no-cancer, Gleason, number of positive cores and percentage infiltration were registered. Men had an 8ml blood sample taken for mCPC detection; mononuclear cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and mCPCs were identified using immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA and anti-P504S. A mCPC was defined as a cell expressing PSA and P504S; a positive test as at least one mCPC detected/sample. Diagnostic yields for subgroups were calculated and the number of avoided PBs registered. Esptein criteria were used to define small grade tumours. Results: A total of 610 men underwent PB, 398 of whom were aged <70yrs. Men over 70 yrs had: a higher median PSA, 6.24ng/ml versus 5.59ng/ml (p=0.04); and a higher frequency of cancer detected 90/212 (43%) versus 134/398 (34%) (p=0.032). Some 34/134 cancers in men <70yrs versus 22/90 (24%) of men >70yrs complied with criteria for active surveillance. CPC detection: 154/398 (39%) men <70yrs were CPC (+), specificity for cancer 86%, sensitivity 88%, 14/16 with a false (-) result had a small low grade PC. In men >70 years, 88/212 (42%) were CPC (+); specificity 92%, sensitivity 87%, 10/12 with a false (-) had small low grade tumours. False (+) results were more common in younger men 36/154 versus 10/88 (p<0.02). With a PSA cutoff of 6.5ng/ml, in men <70yrs, 108 PB would be avoided, missing 56 cancers of which 48 were clinically significant. Using CPC detection, 124 biopsies would be avoided, missing only 2 clinically significant cancers. In men >70 yrs using a PSA >6.5ng/ml would have resulted in 108 PB with 34 PC detected, of which 14(41%) were small low grade tumours. Conclusions: The use of CPC detection in the fit elderly significantly decreases the number of PBs without missing clinically significant cancers, indicating superiority to the use of age-related PSA.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2018

The U-Pb isotopic and rare earth element compositions of zircon were measured using a SHRIMP from a tonalitic gneiss sample DE43 in Daeijak Island, central Korea. Zircon crystals, up to ${\sim}300{\mu}m$ in diameter, rarely contain thin overgrowth rims. In contrast to Paleoproterozoic cores, the $^{206}Pb/^{238}U$ ages of $256{\pm}23Ma(1{\sigma})$, and $221{\pm}7Ma(1{\sigma})$ were yielded from two spot analyses on the overgrowth rims of zircon. The rims are geochemically characterized by low Th/U ratios (<0.01) and strongly depleted light rare earth elements. The Permian-Triassic apparent ages of zircon are consistent with the $^{208}Pb/^{232}Th$ ages dated from allanite ($227{\pm}7Ma(t{\sigma})$) in the same sample within uncertainties, indicating an equilibrium growth of allanite and zircon at ~227 Ma. On the other hand, the younger $^{208}Pb/^{232}Th$ and $^{206}Pb/^{238}U$ ages ($213{\pm}4Ma(t{\sigma})$ and $186{\pm}9Ma(t{\sigma})$, respectively) of allanite may result from Pb loss due to the infiltration of alkali fluids from Late Triassic and Jurassic granitoids nearby.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2017

Shipwreck remains below the seabed not only effect the ocean currents and tides, but influence the physical properties of sediments and sedimentary environments that comprise the seabed. In particular, the influence of local shipwrecks discovered buried in the seabed on the sediment is visible. In this study, sediments were collected from the surrounding area of Taean Mado No.3 shipwreck using grab samplers and vibro-corers. The physical properties of these sediments were analyzed to evaluate the impact of the Taean Mado shipwreck No.3 remains. Sediment core analysis by means of density and ultrasonic velocity showed that shear strength tended to increase with depth, whereas moisture content and porosity tended to decrease with depth. Grain size analysis results are shown in terms of Folk's classification, where the grain size of the core samples in the study area indicate mud or sandy mud, and that of the grab sample indicates a muddy sand. Results of the sedimentation rate analysis indicate a rate of 2.84 cm/year and carbon dating of the 150 cm deep seashell indicates the Neolithic age. These sediments were analyzed for the study of the relationship between the Taean Mado shipwreck No.3 remains and the physical properties of the sediment.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2015

This study was carried out in order to investigate the mineralogical characteristics of the core sediments (03GHP-02 and HB13-2), obtained from the Ulleung Basin and Hupo Basin, Korea. The results on mineral compositions, clay mineral compositions, and the total contents and sequential extraction of different fractions of the phosphorus in core samples showed that those values are different in two cores and also at different depths. In both samples, mineral compositions were the same, composed mainly of quartz, microcline, albite, calcite, opal A, pyrite, and clay minerals (illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite). However, the sample from Hupo Basin contains more opal A. Both samples, especially the ones from Hupo Basin contains more smectite than those reported from East Sea, indicating the influence of paleo-Hwangwei River and the Tertiary Formation of Korea Peninsula. For the samples from Uleung Basin, at 0.7-3.5 m range in depth, the low content of opal A and the low illite crystallinity index can be inferred to indicate the relatively cool climate, corresponding to the ice age. Also, the content of total phosphorus was low in those samples. It was reported that East Sea at that time was isolated from the neighboring seas due to the decrease of the sea level, and as a result, the influx of sediments was supposed to be little through the strait and rivers. For the samples from Hupo Basin, there is no significant changes in clay mineral composition and the distribution of phosphorus with increasing depth. This little change can be interpreted to indicate that the sediments comprising the core might be deposited in a relatively short period of time or deposited in sedimentary environment in which there's no significant changes in sediment supplies. The values of crystallinity index of clay minerals are high in those samples, indicating that it was relatively warm during that time. Although the increase of fluctuation pattern can be observed, showing that the climate of this period often changed, it is supposed that it was generally warm.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2016

The powder core, conventionally fabricated from iron particles coated with insulator, showed large eddy current loss under high frequency, because of small specific resistance. To overcome the eddy current loss, the increase in the specific resistance of powder cores was needed. In this study, copper oxide coating onto electrically conductive iron particles was performed using a planetary ball mill to increase the specific resistance. Coating factors were optimized by the Response surface methodology. The independent variables were the CuO mass fraction, mill revolution number, coating time, ball size, ball mass and sample mass. The response variable was the specific resistance. The optimization of six factors by the fractional factorial design indicated that CuO mass fraction, mill revolution number, and coating time were the key factors. The levels of these three factors were selected by the three-factors full factorial design and steepest ascent method. The steepest ascent method was used to approach the optimum range for maximum specific resistance. The Box-Behnken design was finally used to analyze the response surfaces of the screened factors for further optimization. The results of the Box-Behnken design showed that the CuO mass fraction and mill revolution number were the main factors affecting the efficiency of coating process. As the CuO mass fraction increased, the specific resistance increased. In contrast, the specific resistance increased with decreasing mill revolution number. The process optimization results revealed a high agreement between the experimental and the predicted data ($Adj-R^2=0.944$). The optimized CuO mass fraction, mill revolution number, and coating time were 0.4, 200 rpm, and 15 min, respectively. The measured value of the specific resistance of the coated pellet under the optimized conditions of the maximum specific resistance was $530k{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.43-52
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• 2013

Limestone typically forms large caverns such as reticular caverns or limestone caves, and also forms sinkhole and doline. These caverns cause different settlement when constructing roads, dams, etc. because the foundation cannot sustain the upper structures. So it is necessary to reinforce foundation such as cavern filling method, etc. In this study, ground reinforcement for structure foundation was carried out using CGS method in limestone cavity area and evaluation of reinforcement effect from engineering viewpoint was conducted through the field test. Among others, boring test was carried out to identify the ground structure and engineering characteristics. After CGS reinforcement, boring test was conducted for supplementary verification, and with reinforcement core taken during boring test, rock test was carried out to identify the physical properties of reinforcement material. After applying CGS method, rock test of the typical specimen, among reinforcement cores, taken from boring test was carried out and physical properties of the reinforcement was identified. As a result of compressive test of core sample, material inside the cavity was filled properly, indicating compressive strength of 12.2~19.2(MPa) which was evaluated acceptable. Thus the limestone cavity proved to have been reinforced successfully.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to provide basic information of Thuja orientalis stand for prediction system, which consists of the best model of diameter and basal area. Data was from cores of 45 sample trees of Thuja orientalis stand that was designated as a natural monument (No. 62) in Yeongcheon, Chungbuk. Of the projection functions tested, polymorphic equation using the overlapping data showed higher precision of the fitting than anamorphic equation using. In diameter growth, Schumacher polymorphic equation of $D_2={\exp}({\ln}(D_1)(T_1/T_2)^{0.4495}+3.8535(1-(T_1/T_2)^{0.4495}))$, and in basal area growth, Schumacher polymorphic equation of $BA_2={\exp}({\ln}(BA_1)(T_1/T_2)^{0.1235}+11.3793(1-(T_1/T_2)^{0.1235}))$ showed the highest precision of the fitting among them. The equation, therefore, could be available as basic information for estimation of growth and management of Thuja orientalis stand.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.207-221
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• 2016

As greater numbers of fill dams and reservoirs become old, the risks of damage or embankment collapse increases. However, few studies have considered the deterioration and hazard classification of the internal core layers of fill dams. This study reports the results of geotechnical investigations of 13 earth-cored fill dams in Korea, based on no-water borehole drilling, Standard Penetration Test, and 2D and 3D electrical resistivity surveys along with in situ and laboratory testing. High-capacity no-water boring minimized core layer disturbance while providing continuous core sample recovery. The results allow the classification of potential hazards related to the existing core layers based on both visual inspection of the recovered samples and the results of engineering surveys and tests. Four types of potential hazard are classified: locally fluidized core with a high water content, rapid water inflow to a borehole, cores with granular materials, and relatively low stiffness of core. Among these, the locally fluidized core is the most critical hazard that requires remedial action because it is related to the potential internal flow path and internal erosion. The other three hazard types are of medium importance and require careful monitoring and regular inspection. Of note, there was no correlation between age and core deterioration. The results are expected to aid the safe management and potential upgrading of aging cored fill dams.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2007

In this study, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were conducted to find the mineralized zone at the Geumpung mine in Dojeon-ri, Susan-myeon, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. The deviation of the inclined borehole was measured to obtain the exact positions of the electrodes for correcting apparent resistivity values from ERT. Geophysical loggings such as resistivity and natural gamma were conducted to obtain the properties of the material near the borehole. Measurements of the physical properties of the cores, such as porosity, water content, density, susceptibility, resistivity were performed to analyze the correlation between physical properties and resistivity. Grade analysis for core sample was also conducted to identify relationship between grade and resistivity. Rock property analysis shows that the resistivity is more dominated by susceptibility and grade than by porosity and water content in the mineralized zone. The results of ERT are well consistent with geophysical logging data and geologic column. So ERT is powerful method to identify conductive mineralized zone.