• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-187
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• 1995

Contemporary US metropolitan areas have undergone divergent economic transformation, and as a result labor markets have become the focus of concern in their role as determinants of earnings attainment. Explanations of individual earnings attainmnent as a lobor market outcome have been established in two diafferent stances one who emphasizes personal or group attributes in the human capital perspective and the other who emphasizes economic structure in the labor market segmentation perspective. While remaining at the conceptual level and yet relatively unexplored, the importance of place in labormarket operation is a significant advancement as it appears in labor market areas and local labor markets considering that labor market areas represent the intersection of labor market structure and individual labor market experiences at specific geographic places. The substantive inquiry of this study was to explore labor market characteristics and their differentiation across large metropolitan areas, and assess their effects on the individual earnings attainment. Integating individual attributes and labor market characteristics as major factors of labor market operation, this study intended to contextualize individual earnings attainment with geographic labor market areas. Using 1990 US population census 5% "Public-Use Microdata Samples, " the largest 65 metropolitan areas were first selected and employed male workers who are aged between 25 and 50 for whites, blacks, asians, and hispanics. As an initial step earnings differentials between racial/ethnic groups and selected 65 metropolitan areas were examined using analysis of variance, and then earnings differentials were attributed to the individual attributes such as education, age, and immigration status, and four dimensions of metropolitan labor market differentiation devised by principal component analysis of industrial and occupational segments: Public versus Blue Collar Core(CS1), Finance-Core Utility versus Blue Collar Local Monopoly (CS2), Oligopoly versus Blue Collar Periphery(CS3), and Self Employed-White Collar Periphery versus Low-Skill Core(CS4). As a final analysis, individual earnings were related to each individual attribute and its interaction with metropolitan labor market characteristics to examine how the differentiated metropolitan labor market characteristics alter the role of individual attributes on earnings attainment. The findings indicated that individual attributes, education in particular exert significant effects on earnings attainment, but their effects were significantly altered by metropolitan labor market characterristics. Particularly important dimensions were: Oligopoly differentiated from Blue Colla Periphery metropolitan areas enhancing earnings returns to individual attributes for all groups but minority groups (black, asians, hispanics) rely more on this, and Finance-Core Utility differentiated from Blue Collar Local Monopoly metropolitan areas provide higher earnings returns to whites exclusively. These findings suggest that individuals with identical individual attributes involving racial/ethnic categories would have different earnings atteinments depending on the metropolitan labor market characteristics where they reside. Referring back to the major traditions of the human capital and the labor market segmentation in labor market research, the interaction between individual attributes and metropolitan labor market haracteristics on earnings attainment highlights the complimentary nature of the two on earnings determination in particular geographic places, Hence, labor market characteristics differentiatcd across metropolitan areas are an integral part of labor market operation which should be considered for the explanation of individual earnings attainment and racial/ethnic group earnings differentials. Gcographic places are the important contexts for labor market segmentation and individual labor market experiences. In conclusion, this study brings geographic labor markets to the forefront in the examination of individuals' earnings attainments. The empirical vaidation of the role of metropolitan labor market charecteristics on earnings attainment, while exploratory contributes towards a broader perspective of geographic labor market research that recognizes that individuals' labor market experiences are intertwined with geographic contexts of labor market operatin. operatin.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2019

Numerical model that considered the shrinking core model and elutriation and degradation of particles was developed to predict selective chlorination of ilmenite and carbo-chlorination of $TiO_2$ in a two stage fluidized bed chlorination furnace. It is possible to analyze the fluidized bed chlorination reaction to be able to reflect particle distribution for mass balances and the chlorination reaction. The numerical model showed an accuracy with error less than 6% compared with fluidized bed experiments. The chlorination degree with particle size change was greater with a smaller particle size, and there was a 100 min difference to obtain a chlorination degree of 1 between $75{\mu}m$ and $275{\mu}m$. This was not shown to such a great extent with variation of temperature ($800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$), and there was only a 10 min difference to obtain a chlorination degree of 0.9. In the first selective chlorination process, the mass reduction rate approached to the theoretical value of 0.4735 after 180 min, and chlorination changed the Fe component into $FeCl_2$ or $FeCl_3$ and showed nearly 1. In the second carbo-chlorination process, the chlorination degree of $TiO_2$ approached 0.98 and the mass fraction reached 0.02 with conversion into $TiCl_4$. In the first selective chlorination process, 98% of $TiO_2$ was produced at 180 min, and this was changed into 99% of $TiCl_4$ after an additional 90 min. Also the mass reduction rate of $TiO_2$ was reduced to 99% in the second continuous carbo-chlorination process.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2019

Clay minerals, a major component of mud volcano (MV) sediments, are expected to provide important information for characterizing mud volcano formation mechanisms, but clay minerals have rarely been studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of 420 MV and surrounding marine sediments. Clay minerals and grain size were analyzed for 8 box cores from 420 MV and Mackenzie Trough. The relative proportions of the four major clay minerals in the Mackenzie Trough are almost constant in the order of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite, regardless of the distance from the Mackenzie River. However, the grain size tends to become fining as they move away from the Mackenzie River. Comparing the clay mineral characteristics of river (Colville River, Kuparuk River, Sagavanirktok River, Canning River, Mackenzie River) sediments entering the Beaufort Sea in order to determine the origin of the Mackenzie Trough and 420 MV sediments, the sediments of the Mackenzie Trough are characterized mainly by the Mackenzie River with a low ratio of smectite/illite and a high ratio of kaolinite/chlorite. In 420 MV sediments, the contents of clay minerals decrease in the order of illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and smectite, and the grain size with depth is almost constant. The content of smectite and coarse sediments is about two times higher than the reference core. No river with higher kaolinite content than chlorite exists in the Beaufort Sea, and the ratio of smectite/illite to kaolinite/chlorite is different from the reference core such as the ratio of the Mackenzie River. Compared to the reference core, the high contents of coarse sediments and the constant grain size with depth might be attributed to the ejection by MV. The reference core is interpreted as originating from Mackenzie River, and sediment of 420 MV is interpreted as originating from eruption of MV.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.4 no.3 s.8
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• pp.61-72
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• 2005

This paper is designed to report the results of response manual development in relation to the freeway Incident Management System(FIMS) development as part of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research and Development program. The central core of the FIMS is an integration of the component parts and the modular, but integrated system for freeway management. The whole approach has been component-orientated, with a secondary emphasis being placed on the traffic characteristics at the sites. The first task taken during the process was the selection of the required actions for each step within the Incident Management System. After through review and analysis of existing incident response procedures and manuals, the incident response manual led to the utilization of different technologies and actions in relation to the specific needs and character of the incidents. FIMS also provides Integrated Incident Management according to the verified incident information provided by the each components The deployment of containment and mitigation strategies for incidents will be automatic or manual depending on the configuration of the system. It is anticipated that, over a period of time, operators will be able to response the incident using integrated and organized Procedures and action items.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Objectives Non-major depression with fewer symptoms than required for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently been found to be associated with functional impairment. In this study, we aim to estimate the cognitive impairment and the quality of life in elderly patients with subsyndromal depression (SSD) compared with non-depressive elderly (NDE). Methods The Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to 194 outpatients with depression and 108 normal controls. SSD is defined as having five or more current depressive symptoms with core depressive symptoms (depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure) during more than half a day and more than seven days over two weeks. Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale of a 15-item short version. Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of CERAD assessment packet (MMSE-KC). Subjective cognitive impairment was assessed by the Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean Version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey. Results The mean score of the MMSE-KC in the SSD group was lower than that in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education [F = 4.270, p = 0.04, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. If we defined those having Z-score of MMSE-KC < -1.5 as a high risk group of cognitive impairment, the odds ratio for the high risk group of cognitive impairment was 1.86 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-3.34] in SSD and 7.57 (95% CI 3.50-16.40) in MDD compared to NDE. The scores of physical component summary (F = 9.274, p = 0.003, ANCOVA) and mental component summary (F = 53.166, p < 0.001, ANCOVA) in the SSD group were lower than those in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education. Conclusions The subjects with SSD, as well as those with MDD, showed impairment of global cognition and also experienced low quality of life in both physical and mental aspects, compared to the NDE group.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2011

Supply chain management is a strategic thinking which enhances the value of supply chain and adapts more promptly for the changing environment. For the seamless partnership and value creation in supply chains, information and knowledge sharing and proper partner selection criteria must be applied. Thus, the partner selection criteria are critical to maintain product quality and reliability. Each part of a product is supplied by an appropriate supply partner. The criteria for selecting partners are technological capability, quality, price, consistency, etc. In reality, the criteria for partner selection may change according to the characteristics of the components. When the part is a core component, quality factor is the top priority compared to the price. For a standardized component, lower price has a higher priority. Sometimes, unexpected case occurs such as emergency order in which the preference may shift on the top. Thus, SCM partner selection criteria must be determined dynamically according to the characteristics of part and its context. The purpose of this research is to develop an OWL model for the supply chain partnership depending on its context and characteristics of the parts. The uncertainty of variable is tackled through fuzzy logic. The parts with preference of numerical value and context are represented using OWL. Part preference is converted into fuzzy membership function using fuzzy logic. For the ontology reasoning, SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) is applied. For the implementation of proposed model, starter motor of an automobile is adopted. After the fuzzy ontology is constructed, the process of selecting preference-based supply partner for each part is presented.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.907-925
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• 2002

Due to the emersion of J2EE(Java 2, Enterprise Edition), many enterprises inside and outside of the country have been developing the enterprise applications appropriate to the J2EE model. With the help of the component model of Enterprise Java Beans(EJH) which is the J2EE core technology, we can develop the distributed object applications quite simple. EJB application can be implemented by using the component-oriented object transaction middleware and the most applications utilize the distributed transaction. EJB developers can concentrate on the business logic because the EJB server covers the middleware service. Due to these characteristics, EJB technology became popular and then the study for EJB based application has been done quite actively However, the research of metrics for measuring the performance during run-time of the EJB applications has not been done enough. Tn this paper, we explore the workflow for the EJB application service on the run-time and classify the internal operation into several elements. We propose the metrics for evaluating the performance up to the bean level by using the classified elements. First, we analyze the lifecycle according to the bean types which comes from the EJB application on the run-time as to extract each factor used in performance measurement. We also find factors related to a performance and allocate the Performance factors to the metrics as the bean types. We also consider the characteristics like the bean's activation and message passing which happens during bean message call and then analyze the relations of the beans participating in the workflow of the application to make the workflow performance measurement possible. And we devise means to bring performance enhancement of the EJB application using the propose.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.631-643
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• 2018

This study is the first ever attempted series paper of one particular TV drama writer, Su-Hyeon Kim, with diversified and systematic scale. Along with the just before study, proving Su-Hyeon Kim's line's conceptual properties as the Bahktin's dialogism, its core of polyphony, this study is to analyze the concrete method of creation through Bahktin's Canivalistic creation component of 'Grotesque Realism' and 'Unofficial Square Language'. With her work of (SBS, 1992), this study verifies its characteristic creation of lines to be the 'Grotesque Realism' components of overturn, destruction, and creation along with 'Unofficial Square Language' components of the masses, material, physical language, and discourse of self-liberation. In this way, this study is on one hand, to overcome the application problem of Bahktin's theory as a separated one, but also to enhance the quality of the study of the writer and the lines. As a result, she has acquired her own distinction of ambivalence by the way of demotion, overturn with masses' material, physical, unofficial square language along with a stronger execution of acquiring self denial, positivity. liberation, and life. Therefore the writer is highly rated for her fierce cognition of language and her artistic spirit. Also, this paper proposes the following study to appraise the impact of the writer's differentiation and artistic spirit on the creation of Korean TV drama, contents industry, and mass media.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.18A no.6
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• pp.255-264
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• 2011

A sensor network is a special network that makes physical data sensed by sensor nodes and manages the data. The sensor network is a technology that can apply to many parts of field. It is very important to transmit the data to a user at real-time. The core of the sensor network is a sensor node and small operating system that works in the node. TinyOS developed by UC Berkeley is a sensor network operating system that used many parts of field. It is event-driven and component-based operating system. Basically, it uses non-preemptive scheduler. If an urgent task needs to be executed right away while another task is running, the urgent one must wait until another one is finished. Because of that property, it is hard to guarantee real-time requirement in TinyOS. According to recent study, Priority Level Scheduler, which can let one task preempt another task, was proposed in order to have fast response in TinyOS. It has restrictively 5 priorities, so a higher priority task can preempt a lower priority task. Therefore, this paper suggests Preemptive EDF(Earliest Deadline First) Scheduler that guarantees a real-time requirement and reduces average respond time of user tasks in TinyOS.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.1164-1167
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• 2003

Recently CRT is getting flatted, As change of CRT trend from normal type to Flat type, the material of Shadow Mask was also changed from AK(Aluminum Killed) to Invar(Fe-Ni alloy) materials Until now we have used just AK(Aluminum Killed) for normal type TV(not flat type), but main raw material of shadow mask component was changed. . However recently Invar(Fe-Ni alloy) materials, which has advantage of Low Thermal Expansion and High Strength, has been developed as well as applying in mass production as CRT's trend has become more flat and fine pitch. As main raw material of shadow mask component was changed, conditions of process were changed. One of them, the importance of pre-etching process (assistant process for developing & etching) is improved because there are so many particles in the pre-etching bath because of Ni compounds. Since the solubility of Ni in pre-etching solvent is very low related to Fe's, so the compounds of Ni happen to make particles.(the solubility of Fe is twenty times Ni's) that particles happen to make process troubles and NG productions so to clear the particles we had to established high cost filtering system, but it is useless. As time goes by the quantity of particles (Ni compounds) was increased because of the capability of filtering system was not enough, the particles was produced continuous in bath, and it make quality problems. Hence we tried to develop the new pre-etching solution to remove the particles (Ni compounds) and to cost down the filtering system's running cost. But in improving the solution we discovered the new pre-etching solution made the PR developing better. In former solution there were three kinds of chemistry (COOH)2 , H2O2 , H2S04 .first the function of (COOH)2 is drilling the surface of Invar, during this mechanism Ni compounds occurred. Second the function of H202 is removing the PR fringe (half UV exposure zone on PR(PVA)), Third the function of H2S04 is the catalysis of (COOH)2 In those, (COOH)2 was the main reason to make the Ni compounds. So to improve the solutions we had to change (COOH)2 to the other material. the chemistry we improved was a complex chemistry based on H2S04 . after using this chemistry the particles problem was disappeared and there was another advantage cut down the PR fringe. The New solution made the function of H202 better so the PR developing improved. To be direct the catalyst of the new solution helped the H202. anyway First thing after change the solution the quality of shadow Mask for flat color TV was improved & the yield also improved. But the more important thing is how to control the new solution. So we accepted the new concept which was the degree of freshness. The degree of freshness is based on non-reacted solution which was 100% ( the degree of freshness) and calculated the melted Ni quantity as time goes by. So we made the gauging liner plot. In conclusion, many companies tried to make fine pitched Shadow Mask ,generally to make quality jump up it needed a lot of cost & persons .in this case the shift of core material made it possible.