• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.320-327
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• 2005

Five ripening-related ACC synthase cDNA isoforms were cloned from 80% ripe papaya cv. 'Sinta' by reverse transcription-PCR using gene-specific primers. Clone 2 had the longest transcript and contained all common exons and three alternative exons. Clones 3 and 4 contained common exons and one alternative exon each, while clone 1, the most common transcript, contained only the common exons. Clone 5 could be due to cloning artifacts and might not be a unique cDNA fragment. Thus, there are only four isoforms of ACC synthase mRNA. Southern blot analysis indicates that all five clones came from only one gene existing as a single copy in the 'Sinta' papaya genome. Multiple sequence alignment indicates that the four isoforms arise from a single gene, possibly through alternative splicing mechanisms. All the putative alternative exons were present at the 5'-end of the gene comprising the N-terminal region of the protein. 'Sinta' ACC synthase cDNAs were of the capacs 1 type and are most closely related to a 1.4 kb capacs 1-type DNA(AJ277160) from Eksotika papaya. No capacs 2-type cDNAs were cloned from 'Sinta' by RT-PCR. This is the first report of possible alternative splicing mechanism in ripening-related ACC synthase genes in hybrid papaya, possibly to modulate or fine-tune gene expression relevant to fruit ripening.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.947-952
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• 2012

The technology suggested in this study is the method to contain executable software in a portable storage devices like the USB and install an application program to operate it in any client devices. To solve this problem, we can store pre-scanned information on the above client's files, registry, and services in the device before installing the proper application program to be installed using the scanning method and manage in the USB the resources that generated and changed by post-scanning the information after installing the above application program in the client's device. After that, necessary files in the client to be used can be copied for using, and after use, related files are deleted, and it also includes the process to return to the previous system environment. This method is advantageous in that once any sort of application programs needed to be installed gets to be installed in an external portable storage devices like the USB, the application program installed can be operated in any computer not raising any issues like illegal copy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.403-412
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• 2020

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a hyperglycemia-induced progressive development of renal insufficiency. Excessive glucose can increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce cell damage, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our previous study indicated that cilostazol (CTZ) can reduce ROS levels and decelerate DN progression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of CTZ in rats with DN and in high glucose-treated mesangial cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 mg/kg/day of CTZ after developing STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. Electron microscopy revealed that CTZ reduced the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane and improved mitochondrial morphology in mesangial cells of diabetic kidney. CTZ treatment reduced excessive kidney mitochondrial DNA copy numbers induced by hyperglycemia and interacted with the intrinsic pathway for regulating cell apoptosis as an antiapoptotic mechanism. In high-glucose-treated mesangial cells, CTZ reduced ROS production, altered the apoptotic status, and down-regulated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Base on the results of our previous and current studies, CTZ deceleration of hyperglycemia-induced DN is attributable to ROS reduction and thereby maintenance of the mitochondrial function and reduction in TGF-β and NF-κB levels.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2002

While the Internet is suffering from the massive data such as video stream, IP multicast can ease the load of the Internet by enabling one copy of digital information to be received by multiple computers simultaneously. But If multicast is based on UDP, packets are delivered using a best-effort Policy without any reliability, congestion control or flow control. Multicast group members can join or leave a multicast group at will, and multicast uses broadcast mechanism, it's very hard to keep security from unauthorized members. In this paper, we introduce a new reliable multicast protocol TRDMF proper for one-to-many multicast model with reliability, flow control, congestion control and key management.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.316-319
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• 2017

The antibiotic resistant genes (ARG) and mobile genetic elements (MGE) were investigated with the effluent of waste-water treatment plant (WWTP), and river waters of upstream and downstream in order to elucidate the effect of effluent on antibiotic resistance in a natural river. Total numbers of 134~183 of ARG and MGE were detected and the abundance of ARG and MGE was 0.063~0.422 copies per one of 16S rRNA gene in three water samples. Effluent sample contained the highest amount of the total number and abundance of ARG and MGE whereas total viable cells were observed in the lowest amount among the three samples. This indicated that the genes were originated from cells died during the wastewater treatment process. In addition, the co-relationship of abundance between ARG and MGE suggested that acquired resistance was a prevalent mechanism among the antibiotic-resistant bacteria existing in WWTP.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.514-518
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• 2001

We have explored the importance of two ATP binding domains of Hsp104 protein in protection of yeast cells from cadmium exposure. In the previous study we have discovered that the presence of two ATP binding sites was essential in providing heat sh ock protection as well as rescuing cells from oxidative stress. In this paper we first report wild type cell with functional hsp104 gene is more resistant to cadmium stress than hsp104-deleted mutant cell, judging from decrease in survival rates as a result of cadmium exposure. In order to demonstrate functional role of two ATP binding sites in cadmium defense, we have transformed both wild type (SP1) and hyperactivated ras mutant (IR2.5) strains with several plasmids differing in the presence of ATP binding sites. When an extra copy of functional hsp104 gene with both ATP binding sites was overexpressed with GPD-promoter, cells showed increased survival rate against cadmium stress than mutants with ATP binding sites changed. The degree of protection in the presence of two ATP binding sites was similarly observed in ira2-deleted hyperactivated ras mutant, which was more sensitive to oxidative stress than wild type cell. We have concluded that the greater sensitivity to cadmium stress in the absence of two ATP binding sites is attributed to the higher concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cadmium exposure based on the fluorescence tests. These findings, taken all together, imply that the mechanism by which cadmium put forth toxic effects may be closely associated with the oxidative stress, which is regulated independently of the Ras-cAMP pathway. Our study provides a better understanding of cadmium defense itself and cross-talks between oxidative stress and metal stress, which can be applied to control human diseases due to similar toxic environments.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.3-14
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• 2001

A Web server makes use of the HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) to communicate with a client. The HTTP is a stateless protocol; the server does not maintain any state information for ongoing interactions with the client. Therefore, the HTTP inevitably requires additional overhead as repeating data key-in to user for continuing communications. This overhead in Web environment can be resolved by the cookie technologies. However, the cookie is usually unsecured due to the clear-text to transfer on the network and to store in the file. That is, information in the cookie is easy to exposure, copy, and even change. In this paper, we propose a secure cookie mechanism appropriate to Web environment, and then present a design and implement of secure Web system based on the scheme. The Web system can be used to any web environment. It also provides some security services, such as confidentiality, authentication, integrity.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1224-1248
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• 2022

In various sensor network applications, such as climate observation organizations, sensor nodes need to collect information from time to time and pass it on to the recipient of information through multiple bounces. According to field tests, this information corresponds to most of the energy use of the sensor hub. Decreasing the measurement of information transmission in sensor networks becomes an important issue.Compression sensing (CS) can reduce the amount of information delivered to the network and reduce traffic load. However, the total number of classification of information delivered using pure CS is still enormous. The hybrid technique for utilizing CS was proposed to diminish the quantity of transmissions in sensor networks.Further the energy productivity is a test task for the sensor nodes. However, in previous studies, a clustering approach using hybrid CS for a sensor network and an explanatory model was used to investigate the relationship between beam size and number of transmissions of hybrid CS technology. It uses efficient data integration techniques for large networks, but leads to clone attacks or attacks. Here, a new algorithm called SBEA (Snowball Endurance Algorithm) was proposed and tested with a bow. Thus, you can extend the battery life of your WSN by running effective copy detection. Often, multiple nodes, called observers, are selected to verify the reliability of the nodes within the network. Personal data from the source centre (e.g. personality and geographical data) is provided to the observer at the optional witness stage. The trust and reputation system is used to find the reliability of data aggregation across the cluster head and cluster nodes. It is also possible to obtain a mechanism to perform sleep and standby procedures to improve the life of the sensor node. The sniffers have been implemented to monitor the energy of the sensor nodes periodically in the sink. The proposed algorithm SBEA (Snowball Endurance Algorithm) is a combination of ERCD protocol and a combined mobility and routing algorithm that can identify the cluster head and adjacent cluster head nodes.This algorithm is used to yield the network life time and the performance of the sensor nodes can be increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.28-28
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• 2022

This paper presents the first genome assemblies of Philippine mangoes that provide valuable reference for varietal improvement and genomic studies on mango and related fruit crops. WE sequenced whole genomes of3 species, Mangifera odorata (Huani), Mangifera altissima (Paho), and Mangifera indica 'Carabao' (Sweet Elena). 'Carabao' is the major export variety of the Philippines; Paho is identified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; Huani has fruit sap acrid which is the primary defense mechanism against insects and birds. We used Falcon, a diploid aware -de novo assembler to assemble SMRT generated long-read sequences. Falcon-unzip was employed to phase the output assembly producing larger contig sets (primary contigs) and shorter contigs corresponding to haplotypes (haplotigs). Assembly statistics were generated by comparing the assembly to a reference genome, Tommy Atkins, using Quality Assessment Tool (QUAST). Moreover, the extent of duplication and completeness of gene content was measured using Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO). Draft assemblies with high duplications were processed using Purge Haplotigs and Purge Dups to lessen duplications with minimal impact on genome completeness. De novo assemblies of Huani, Paho and 'Carabao' were then generated with primary contig sizes of 463.64 Mb, 508.95 Mb and 401.51 Mb respectively. These draft assemblies of Huani, Paho and 'Carabao' showed 96.90%, 95.17% and 99.07% complete BUSCOs respectively which is comparable to 'Tommy Atkins' genome (98.6%). Using two mango transcriptome data (pooled RNA-seq from different mango varieties and tissues), 91-96% or 24-30 million reads were successfully mapped back for each generated assembly indicating high degree of completeness. The results obtained demonstrated the highly contiguous, phased, and near complete genome assembly of three Philippine mango species for structural and functional annotation of gene units, especially those with economic importance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.2202-2211
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• 2006

EXT3NS is a special-purpose file system for large scale multimedia streaming servers. It is built on top of streaming acceleration hardware device called Network-Storage card. The EXT3NS file system significantly improves streaming performance by eliminating memory-to-memory copy operations, i.e. sending video/audio from disk directly to network interface with no main memory buffering. In this paper, we design and implement a buffer cache mechanism, called PMEMCACHE, for EXT3NS file system. We also propose a buffer cache replacement method called ONS for the buffer cache mechanism. The ONS algorithm outperforms other existing buffer replacement algorithms in distributed multimedia streaming environment. In EXT3NS with PMEMCACHE, operation is 33MB/sec and random read operation is 2.4MB/sec. Also, the buffer replacement ONS algorithm shows better performance by 600KB/sec than other buffer cache replacement policies. As a result PMEMCACHE and an ONS can greatly improve the performance of multimedia steaming server which should supportmultiple client requests at the same time.