• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1971

Present work is concerned with the effects of a soil amendment (a mixture of basic slag with trace elements Cu, Mn, Zn and B) on the phosphate uptake by rice plants and in improving yield of rice in low productive paddy soils. The experiment was conducted at Kimpo-myun, Kimpo-kun, Kyunggi province which is characterized as "Akiochi" area and split plot experimental design was adapted. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Combined effect of the soil amendment and phosphate applications on the grain yield is pronounced, which is also characterized by the increased grain weight, maturing rate and seed setting rate. 2. Treatment of soil amendment appears to improve phosphate efficiency; grain weight, maturing rate and seed setting rate are all improved as the rate of phosphate application increased. 3. Phosphate tends to accelerate plant growth at earlier stages of plant development while the soil amendment retards the growth, inhibiting excessive tillering. 4. The soil amendment increases silicate and manganese, but decreases phosphate, copper and Zinc contents in the rice plants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.446-451
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate some mineralogical characteristics of Artificial Granular Zeolite (AGZ) and effect of AGZ on purification and alleviation of rice seedling damages of mine wastewater containing heavy metals. AGZ had mainly representative Na-P1 peaks and some $C_3S$ peaks of Portland cement in X-ray diffractogram. Differential thermal analysis represented that AGZ had weak endothermic peak around $130^{\circ}C$ and new deep endothermic peak around $750^{\circ}C$ as compared to powdery artificial zeolite. The ranking of heavy metals removals by AGZ, was lead> copper> cadmium> zinc in the synthetic wastewater. Root growth of rice seedling was greatly inhibited in the mine wastewater, and died after all. As AGZ treated into the mine wastewater with the ratio 1 : 50 (W : V) for one day or 1 : 100 for 4 days, the concentrations of heavy metals in the mine wastewater were decreased to below the critical concentration for agricultural use. And rice seedlings were grew with little damages in the purified water by AGZ.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.397-403
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• 2015

Heavy metals reduce the photosynthetic efficiency and disrupt metabolic reactions in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, by replacing the metal ions in metalloproteins that use essential metal ions, such as Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe, as co-factors, heavy metals ultimately lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These, in turn, cause destruction of the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation, and eventually cause the plant to necrosis. Given the aforementioned factors, this study was aimed to understand the physiological responses of rice to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) toxicity and the effect of essential metal ions on homeostasis. In order to confirm the level of physiological inhibition caused by heavy metal toxicity, hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) plants were exposed with $0-50{\mu}M$ cadmium (Cd, $CdCl_2$) and arsenic (As, $NaAsO_2$) at 3-leaf stage, and then investigated malondialdehyde (MDA) contents after 7 days of the treatment. With increasing concentrations of Cd and As, the MDA content in leaf blade and root increased with a consistent trend. At 14 days after treatment with $30{\mu}M$ Cd and As, plant height showed no significant difference between Cd and As, with an identical reduction. However, As caused a greater decline than Cd for shoot fresh weight, dry weight, and water content. The largest amounts of Cd and As were found in the roots and also observed a large amount of transport to the leaf sheath. Interestingly, in terms of Cd transfer to the shoot parts of the plant, it was only transported to upper leaf blades, and we did not detect any Cd in lower leaf blades. However, As was transferred to a greater level in lower leaf blades than in upper leaf blades. In the roots, Cd inhibited Zn absorption, while As inhibited Cu uptake. Furthermore, in the leaf sheath, while Cd and As treatments caused no change in Cu homeostasis, they had an antagonist effect on the absorption of Zn. Finally, in both upper and lower leaf blades, Cd and As toxicity was found to inhibit absorption of both Cu and Zn. Based on these results, it would be considered that heavy metal toxicity causes an increase in lipid peroxidation. This, in turn, leads to damage to the conductive tissue connecting the roots, leaf sheath, and leaf blades, which results in a reduction in water content and causes several physiological alterations. Furthermore, by disrupting homeostasis of the essential metal ions, Cu and Zn, this causes complete heavy metal toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.361-376
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• 2020

Atacamite and Verdigris were studied material scientific properties and durability that are used for traditional green pigment in traditional art painting work and Dancheong. As a result of ingrediant analysis, K-AA and K-VA identified Atacamite and Hoganite (or Verdigris) respectively. In order to find a factor of depressing the stability of pigment, we examined UV radiant exposure test, CO2/NO2 gas corrosion test and salt spray test. Salt spray test damaged both samples which were formed salt particle on the surface of the samples and it makes color disability. Furthermore, the results of gas corrosion test that both pigments change color enough to be perceived by the naked eyes showed that an air pollutant NO2 gas is also considered to be a major damage factor. In the case of K-VA, Hoganite that is main component of sample changes Tenorite with turn black after accelerated UV radiant exposure test. The consequences of the atmospheric environment effect test of the two pigments, K-VA showed relatetively weaker than K-AA.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2021

The effect of Ar/N₂ two-step plasma treatment on the quantitative interfacial adhesion energy of low temperature Cu-Cu bonding interface were systematically investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that Ar/N₂ 2-step plasma treatment has less copper oxide due to the formation of an effective Cu4N passivation layer. Quantitative measurements of interfacial adhesion energy of Cu-Cu bonding interface with Ar/N₂ 2-step plasma treatment were performed using a double cantilever beam (DCB) and 4-point bending (4-PB) test, where the measured values were 1.63±0.24 J/m² and 2.33±0.67 J/m², respectively. This can be explained by the increased interfacial adhesion energy according phase angle due to the effect of the higher interface roughness of 4-PB test than that of DCB test.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2014

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of copper-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) and herbal mixture (HBM) on growth performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broiler. A total 1,000 1-d old ROSS 308 (initial $BW=41{\pm}0.38g$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 4 replicates during d 35 of the feeding trial. Dietary included: (1) Control : control diet, (2) Antibiotics : control diet + Avilamycin 6 ppm, (3) Cu-SP : control diet + 100 ppm Cu-soy proteinate, (4) HBM : control diet + 0.15% herbal mixture, (5) Cu-SP+HBM : control diet + 100 ppm Cu-soy proteinate + 0.2% herbal mixture. Two-phase feeding program with a starter diet from d 0 to 21, and a finisher diet from d 22 to 35 was used in the experiment. Within each phase, a diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements of broilers for macro- and micronutrients. The diet and water were available ad libitum. Result indicated that during d 22 to 35 and over all periods of the experiment, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were greater (P<0.05) for other treatment than control. Significant differences were found in lymphocyte (LY), and stress indicator (HE:LY ratio). Lymphocyte was greater (P<0.05) for Cu-SP + HBM treatment than control. However, stress indicator (HE:LY ratio) were greater (P<0.05) for control than Cu-SP + HBM treatment. The plasma IgG was higher (P<0.05) in the antibiotics, HBM, and Cu-SP+HBM treatments groups compared with control. The population of Clostridium perfringens in the antibiotics, Cu-SP, HBM, Cu-SP + HBM treatment groups were lower (P<0.05) than those control. These result suggested that dietary copper-soy proteinate or herbal mixture may be used as an alternative to antibiotics to improve growth performance, and intestinal health of birds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.785-795
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• 2018

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recognized the risk of hull fouling and announced '2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ship's biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species'and is planning international regulations to enforce them in the future. In this study, to effectively respond to future international regulation, we introduce the case of leading countries related to management of hull fouling and also investigate environmental risk assessment techniques for in-water cleaning. Australia and New Zealand, the leading countries in hull fouling management, have established hull fouling regulations through biological and chemical risk assessment based on in-water cleaning scenarios. Most European countries without their government regulation have been found to perform in-water cleaning in accordance with the IMO's hull fouling regulations. In the Republic of Korea, there is no domestic law for hull fouling organisms, and only approximately 17 species of marine ecological disturbance organisms, are designated and managed under the Marine Ecosystem Law. Since in-water cleaning is accompanied by diffusion of alien species and release of chemical substances into aquatic environments, results from biological as well as chemical risk assessment are performed separately, and then evaluation of in-water cleaning permission is judged by combining these two results. Biological risk assessment created 40 codes of in-water cleaning scenarios, and calculated Risk Priority Number (RPN) scores based on key factors that affect intrusion of alien species during in-water cleaning. Chemical risk assessment was performed using the MAMPEC (Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations), to determine PEC and PNEC values based on copper concentration released during in-water cleaning. Finally, if the PEC/PNEC ratio is >1, it means that chemical risk is high. Based on the assumption that the R/V EARDO ship performs in-water cleaning at Busan's Gamcheon Port, biological risk was estimated to be low due to the RPN value was <10,000, but the PEC/PNEC ratio was higher than 1, it was evaluated as impossible for in-water cleaning. Therefore, it will be necessary for the Republic of Korea to develop the in-water cleaning technology by referring to the case of leading countries and to establish domestic law of ship's hull fouling management, suitable for domestic harbors.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 1985

Miscible displacement techniques were used to investigate the influence of the organic matter treatment on the mobility of Cd, Zn, and Cu through soil columns. The heavy metals moved most readily through the Bonryang soil (Typic Udifluvents) of relatively low in CEC, pH, and organic matter content. Most parts of Cd and Zn eluted within 7 pore volumes, but Cu eluted between 5 and 15 pore volumes. Although the Gangseo soil (Aquatic Eutrochrepts) had lower in CEC and organic matter content than the Gyorae soil (Typic Distrandepts), the heavy metals moved faster through the Gyorae soil than through the Gangseo soil. Cu eluted more slowly and in smaller quantities than Cd and Zn from the Bonryang soil, but did not eluted from the Gangseo and the Gyorae soils at all during the experimental period. The motility of the heavy metals from the Bonryang and the Gangseo soils was in the order of Cd>Zn>Cu, but that of the Gyorae soil was in the order of Zn>Cd>Cu. Cd and Zn eluted after 5 and 20 pore volumes respectively, from the Bonryang soil treated with 3% compost but Cu did not elute even after 30 pore volumes were collected. By 7% compost treatment only small amountssof Cd eluted after 20 pore volumes. The liming of the Bonryang soil retarded the mobility of Cd, Zn, and Cu. Humic acid treatment did not reduce the motility of the Cd and Zn to the extent observed in the Bonryang soil with compost, but reduced a little motility of Cu.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 2009

We have investigated the infrared spectra for CO adsorbed on silica supported nickel(Ni-Si$O_2$), silica supported copper(Cu-Si$O_2$), silica supported nickel-copper alloys(Ni/Cu-Si$O_2$) of several compositions with varying CO pressures(0.2 $torr{\sim}$50 torr) at room temperature and on pumping to vacumn at room temperature within the frequency range of 1500 $cm^{-1}{\sim}2500\;cm^{-1}$. Four bands(2059.6 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$2036.5 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$ 1868.7 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$ 1697.1 $cm^{-1}$) were observed for Ni-Si$O_2$, two bands($\sim$2115.5 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$1743.0 $cm^{-1}$) were observed for Cu-Si$O_2$ and five bands(${\sim}2123.2\;cm^{-1}$, 2059.6 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$2036.4 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$1899.5 $cm^{-1},\;{\sim}$1697.1 $cm^{-1}$) were observed for Ni/Cu-Si$O_2$. These absorption bands correspond with those of the previous reports approximately. The bands below 1800 $cm^{-1}$ were only observed with Ni metal or Ni/Cu alloy crystal plane containing step at room temperature and the ${\sim}1697.1\;cm^{-1}$ bands observed with Ni-Si$O_2$ and Ni/Cu-Si$O_2$ may be ascribed to CO molecule adsorbed on the adsorption sites near step. The bands below 2000 $cm^{-1}$ were rarely observed with Cu metal crystal plane at room temperature and the 1743.0 $cm^{-1}$ bands may be ascribed to CO molecule adsorbed on the adsorption sites near step. The band shifts of adsorbed CO with varing Cu contents from 0 to 0.5 mole fraction at the same CO pressure or at the same pumping time to vacumn were below 21 $cm^{-1}$. and comparatively small than those with other ⅠB metal addition. It may means ligand effect of Cu d electron is small.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2018

We selected eight resistant cultivars including 'Heukryongsamcheok', 'Heukgeumsolsamcheok' and 'Gangryeoksamcheok' showing high suppressive effect against cucumber downy mildew (CDM) through plastic film house and field trials in spring and autumn season in 2015. Of them, these three varieties, 'Heukryongsamcheok', 'Heukgeumsolsamcheok' and 'Gangryeoksamcheok' were used to evaluated suppressive effect against CDM by comparing disease severity (area under disease development progress curve, AUDPC) with those of three susceptible varieties under plastic film house condition. AUDPC of three resistant cultivars was in the range of 10.9 to 23.6, meanwhile those of three susceptible cultivars was in the range of 286.7 to 290.3. Consequently, we confirmed that cultivation of the selected resistant cultivars can reduce CDM in vivo. When disease severity (diseased leaf area) was investigated on a resistant cultivar ('Heukryongsamcheok') sprayed without any organic materials and susceptible cultivars sprayed single-, two times- and three times with Bordeaux mixture, sulfur-loess mixture and $Kocide^R$ (copper hydroxide), respectively, it was the lowest in the resistant cultivar plot compared to susceptible cultivar plots sprayed with any organic materials. In addition, we evaluated control effect of the selected resistant cultivar by comparing that of organic materials including lime sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture and garlic extract. As a result, Bordeaux mixture showed the highest control effect against CDM. AUDPC of Bordeaux mixture, resistant cultivar, lime sulfur, garlic extract and untreated control was 3.9, 10.6, 95.6, 24.9, and 258.7, respectively. Based on the above-mentioned results, we think that the resistant cultivars and Bordeaux mixture can be effectively used to control CDM as one of control measures under the farmhouse condition.