• Title/Summary/Keyword: Copper - red

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Tetrapyrazinoindoloporphyrazine Langmuir-Blodgett Films

  • Kim, Jong-Min;Jaung, Jae-Yun;Ahn, Hee-Joon
    • Macromolecular Research
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.367-372
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    • 2008
  • We fabricated tetra(5-n-nonyl-8-tert-butyl-2,3-pyrazino[2,3-b]indolo)porphyrazinato copper(II) (Cu-Pc-$C_8$) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. We further investigated the influence of arachidic acid (AA) as a transfer promoter, as well as the effect of dipping speed, on the deposition of the films on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. In the case of pure Cu-Pc-$C_8$ LB deposition on a hydrophilic substrate, the transfer ratio was close to one for up-stroke depositions, but the previously deposited film was peeled off and re-spread onto water at down-stroke depositions. Whereas the stability of the Cu-Pc-$C_8$ LB films was not improved by AA addition on hydrophilic substrates, the deposition of Cu-Pc-$C_8$ was significantly improved by the presence of AA on a hydrophobic substrate. The AA-assisted deposition had transfer ratio of close to 1 and was essentially stable up to 10-layer depositions. Comparison of the UV-visible spectrum of a Cu-Pc-$C_8$/AA LB film with that of Cu-Pc-$C_8$/AA solution in dichloroethane revealed that the Soret and Q bands for the Cu-Pc-$C_8$/AA LB film were broadened and red-shifted due to the aggregation of phthalocyanines upon assembly in the LB film.

Scientific Analysis on the Accessory Ornament of Woolen Tapestry Curtain in Seoul Museum of Craft Art

  • Choi, Jaewan;Lee, Jangjon;An, Boyeon
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.402-410
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    • 2021
  • Woolen tapestry curtains possessed by the Seoul Museum of Craft Art were used to hung on the wall or used for carpets in the winter season in the late Joseon dynasty. Since similar artifacts were only used for the curtain as functional aspects, woolen tapestry curtains were a rare case. In this study, scientific analysis on the accessory ornament of woolen tapestry curtains such as components of metal accessories and frame bar were conducted with the microscope, p-XRF, and SEM. Result of frame bar pigments, organic pigments such as ink stick were likely been used in woolen tapestry curtain 1. In woolen tapestry 2, lead red (Minium) was used in the frame bar. The result of metal parts, copper, and zinc were analyzed by p-XRF. This suggests that metal accessories were crafted using brass. Frame bar of woolen tapestry curtain 2 was made of soft pine (Pinus spp.) analyzed with the scanning electron microscope. Artifacts like woolen tapestry curtains are rare in Korea and scientific analysis databases were scarce, so it is important to construct components analysis data of woolen tapestry curtains. It is expected that additional scientific analysis and interpretation on the artifact's crafting technique can be merged with the analytical data gathered in this study to be utilized on the conservation and restoration of not only woolen curtains but curtain artifacts of the late Joseon dynasty in general.

Investigation of Wood Species and Conservation Status of Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad and Wooden Amitabha Buddha Altarpiece of Yongmunsa Temple, Yecheon, Korea (Treasure)

  • CHOI, Jaewan;PARK, Junghae;KIM, Soochul
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.3
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    • pp.193-217
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    • 2022
  • The Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad and Altarpiece have not been the subjects of definitive species identification and scientific analysis. In this study, visual investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), species identification, and lacquer layer observations were carried out to determine the original materials and conservation status. Cracks, exfoliation and discoloration were detected during the visual investigation. The p-XRF data indicated that chrome oxide green, malachite, gold, cadmium red, cinnabar, minium, hematite, lead white, ink stick (Carbon), and copper were used for pigments and the coronet accessory. Tilia spp., Abies spp., and Pinus spp. were identified from both the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece. Finally, lacquer layer analyses of the base layer, lacquer layer, orange pigment layer, and gold leaf layer observed modern synthetic pigments likely used in previous conservation. As the Korean Cultural Heritage Charter and the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites clearly state that objects of cultural heritage must be conserved using their original materials, future conservation of these objects should utilize the data obtained in this study to employ traditional materials. Furthermore, a deterioration map diagnosis can be applied together with the obtained analysis data to understand the conservation status of and inform an appropriate and authentic conservation treatment for the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece.

The Transition of Production, Consumption and Price of Non-ferrous Metals (비철금속(非鐵金屬)의 생산(生産), 소비(消費), 시세(時勢)의 추이(推移))

  • Moon, W.J.
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.2 no.3
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1969
  • In considering the mining industry, it is necessary to study the production, consumption and price of ore and metals in every country of the world in order to determine the trend of the industry in the present and for the future. This study is necessary especially for exporting domestically produced are which is in excess of domestic consumption and for importing are, or metal where local production does not meet domestic demand. It will be treated of Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Mo, which are the most important non-ferrous metals, and which greatly affect the mining industry of Korea. The presentation will concern itself only with the free world. About 1, 200 ton of gold are produced annually with little fluctiation in recent years. Most of the gold produced is consumed by advanced countries for industrial uses as well as for producing precious objects. The U.S.A. expends yearly about four times its domestic production and Japan about three times its domestic production for industry and arts. Because of the instability of the currency of the U.S.A., England and France, recently, the price of gold has been $ 41-42 per ounce, whereas the official price is $35.00 per ounce. It will be expected that the official price will be raised in the near future. As for silver, about 6,500 tons are produced annually with no special fluctuation change in recent years. However, the annual consumption is about 14,000 ton, so the supply and demand is extremely unbalanced. The shortage is made up by the sale of the U.S. treasury's reserve stock and the reclaiminig of silver from coins and other scrap. As the Treasury'S reserves will be exhausted in a year or two, the price of silver which is $1. 64 per ounce, will go up drastically in about a year. As for copper, 5,257,000 ton's were mined in 1966. It's production is being increased about 5% annually. However, consumption exceeds production by about 100,000 ton a year. The recent Foreign refinery copper price in the U.S.A is $ 60 per pound. The supply of copper being insufficient to meet international demands, the price will go up and with no prospect of being lowered in the near future even with the slight annual increase in production. About 2,100,000 to 2,200,000 tons of lead are produced annually. Consumption exceeds production by about 50,000-60,000 tons annually. The current price of lead in New York is $ 155 per pound. As the supply of lead is internationally stable, It will be believed that there will be no significant change in its price in the near future. In 1967, 3,926,000 tons of Zinc were produced. There is annual increase of 4-7% in production. The annual consumption exceeds production by 100,000 to 200,000 tons. The current zinc price in the St. Louis market inthe U.S.A. is $ 145 per pound. Even though its supply is stable and sufficient world wide, the consumption rate will increase at a faster pace than before; hence, the price will slowly go up. Tungsten mines yield about 11,000 tons a year. Its production has been relatively constant in the past few years. The amount of its consumption increases slowly world wide, but in the free world· there has been a slight annual decrease. However, since Red China has not been exporting their tungsten to other countries for several months, the price on the London market of S.T.U. of $Wo_3$ has increased to $ 44~46. Should Red China begin to export actively again the price will drop to $ 40~42. In 1967, 56,000 tons of Molybdenum were produced. Production exceeds consumption by 200,000 -30,000 tons annually. The current price in the U.S.A. is $ 1.72 per Mo pound. Since the rate of production in the U.S.A. is on the increase with large amounts of ore reserve, the price of molubdenum should not go up.

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The Content of Minerals in Algae (해조류(海藻類)의 무기성분(無機成分))

  • Lee, Jong-Ho;Sung, Nak-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 1980
  • Sixteen species of algae (4 species of green algae, 5 species of brown algae and 7 species of red algae) were collected from the coast of Chungmu, Gyeongnam, from June to October, 1976. The content of minerals in algae were analyzed by Atometic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results were as followed 1) The content of Iron and Nickel in green algae were abundant, and those of Lead, Nickel and Manganese in brown algae were low. 2) The content of Cadmium were in the range of 0.58-1.04ppm (average: 0.85ppm) in green algae, 0.32-2.10ppm (average: 1.08ppm) in brown algae and 0.54-1.70ppm (average: 1.04ppm) in red algae. The content of Cadmium were in the range of 0.3-0.6ppm in laver, Porphyra tenera, sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, and tangle, Laminaria japonica, but its content was lower than those expected. 3) The content of Lead were in the range of 0.67-1.40ppm (average: 1.03ppm) in green algae, 0.60-1.00ppm (average: 0.82ppm) in brown algae, 0.56-2.40ppm (average: 1.28ppm) in red algae and its content in algae were lower than in fish and shellfish. 4) The content of Copper were in the range of 10.8-24.2ppm (average: 18.95ppm) in green algae, 7.4-24.6ppm (average: 18.16ppm) in brown algae, 6.4-31.2ppm (average: 19.94ppm) in red algae and those content were considerably abundant except for some algae. 5) The content of Nickel were in the range of 5.4-16.6ppm (average: 9.1ppm) in green algae, 1.0-4.4ppm (average: 2.32ppm) in brown algae and 0.7-4.6ppm (average: 2.59ppm) in red algae. 6) The content of Iron were in the range of 686.4-1159.0ppm (average: 916.5ppm) in green algae, 131.0-499.2ppm (average: 310.16ppm) in brown algae and 156.0-530.4ppm (average: 248.2ppm) in red algae. Especially, that of Iron in green algae showed higher value than in any other. 7) The content of Manganese were in the range of 48-221ppm (average: 157.25ppm) in green algae, 12-65ppm (average: 41ppm) in brown algae and 72-162ppm (average: 121ppm) in red algae. Especially, that of Manganese in brown algae showed lower value than in any other. 8) The content of Zinc were in the range of 191.3-451.1ppm (average: 290.05ppm) in green algae, 89.9-374.2ppm (average: 202.64ppm) in brown algae and 106.4-281.4ppm (average: 188.93ppm) in red algae. 9) The content of Magnesium were in the range of 0.48-1.83% (average: 1.27%) in green algae, 1.04-1.71% (average: 1.21%) in brown algae and 0.42-1.24% (average: 0.097%) in red algae. 10) The content of Fluorine were in the range of 29.2-92.7ppm (average: 53.03ppm) in green algae, 33.3-43.5ppm (average: 39.18ppm) in brown algae and 32.4-59.0ppm (average: 44.84ppm) in red algae.

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Controlling Effect of Agricultural Organic Materials on Phytophthora Blight and Anthracnose in Red Pepper (고추 역병과 탄저병에 대한 친환경유기농자재의 방제 효과)

  • Park, Se-Jung;Kim, Ga-Hye;Kim, A-Hyeong;Lee, Ho-Taek;Gwon, Hyeon-Wook;Kim, Joo-Hyeng;Lee, Kyeong-Hee;Kim, Heung-Tae
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2012
  • A total of 20 agricultural organic materials including inorganic compounds, plant oils and plant extracts were used in the study for assessing the control efficacy on pepper diseases. Among inorganic compounds, only copper hydroxide showed inhibitory effect on both Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight and Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose. Phosphorous acid inhibited the growth of P. capsici on PDA, and Sulfur/quicklime had it on that of C. acutatum. Plant essential oil, rosemary oil, and rapeseed oil among plant oils and plant extract of Japanese apricot/ginkgo nut inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens. In the screening using pepper plant seedlings, the control efficacy on Phytophthora blight in 6-leaf stage of seedling was superior to that in 4-leaf stage of seedling. A protective effect on Phytophthora blight was displayed by copper hydroxide, sulfur/quicklime, water soluble calcium, phosphorous acid, plant essential oil, and cloves extract. When C. acutatum was inoculated by the non-wound method, copper hydroxide and rapeseed oil showed excellent protective activities with control values of 91.3% and 82.6%, respectively. However, copper hydroxide did not show any activity, when C. acutatum was inoculated after wounding pepper fruits. All organic materials never showed the curative effect on Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in pepper seedling assay and fruit assay.

A Study of Metalworking Techniques Seen in the Gold Buckle from Seogam-ri Tomb No. 9 (석암리 9호분 출토 금제띠고리의 제작 방법 고찰)

  • Ro, Jihyun;Yu, Heisun
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.17
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2016
  • The gold buckle excavated from Seogam-ri Tomb No. 9(National Treasure No. 189), one of the oldest gold artifacts discovered within the Korean Peninsula, was created using granulation techniques. The buckle is made with 22.8K gold sheets and features a decorative design with seven dragons in repousse metalwork. The outlines of the dragons and the edge of the buckle are finished with 23.8K gold wires and granules. Some curved sections of the buckle are also covered with an extra sheet of 23.8K gold, possibly added to repair defects discovered during production or thereafter. Gold wire used to render the dragon's nostrils is slightly lower in purity(23.3K) and was probably preferred in this case due to its increased hardness. As a result, the metal is better able to retain the complex shape of the dragons' nostrils, created by rolling gold wire into spirals. The buckle's gold granules are found in small, medium and large sizes and are presumed to have been bonded using copper. The foreheads and the bodies of the seven dragons are inset with turquoise and the eyes are decorated with red cinnabar/vermillion(HgS).

Quantitative Analysis and Archaeometric Interpretation for Molten Glass and Bronze Materials within Baekje Crucibles from the Ssangbukri Site in Buyeo, Korea (부여 쌍북리유적 출토 백제 도가니 내부 유리 및 청동 용융물질의 정량분석과 고고과학적 해석)

  • Lee, Chan-Hee;Park, Jin-Young;Kim, Ji-Young
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.157-169
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    • 2010
  • This study focused on the material characteristics and archaeometric relationship between the molten glass and bronze materials within the crucibles and gilt-bronze Bodhisattva statue excavated from the Ssangbukri site in Buyeo, Korea. Yellowish green to red brown vitreous material in the crucibles was identified as lead glass which contained scarce amount of BaO, and low $Al_2O_3$ and CaO. Metallic molten material was identified as bronze of copper-tin-lead alloy with low amount of impurities that indicated well-refined materials. Also, cassiterite was used for raw metal ore of tin. The Bodhisattva statue consisted of major copper with trace impurities in the core metal, and gold amalgam in the gilded layer. Though lead isotopic analysis showed contradictory results in each lead glass, bronze and Bodhisattva statue that required further examination, it could be stated that the statue was made in the Ssangbukri site based on the high-level technical skills of bronze production.

The Effect of Thermal Stability of Cu(I) Precursors on the Deposition in the Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOVCD에 있어서 구리(l)전구체들의 열적 안정성이 증착에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Man-Young;Lee, Shi-Woo
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.345-353
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    • 1998
  • Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of copper using three Cu( I ) precursors. (hfac)Cu (VTMS) (hfac= hexafluoroacetylacetonate, VTMS= vinyltrimethylsilane), (hfac)Cu(VTMOS) (VTMOS= vinyltri¬methoxysilane) and (hfac)Cu(A TMS) (A TMS= allyltrimethylsilane) was studied. The thermal stability and the gase¬ous phase reaction mechanism of Cu( I ) precursors were identified using $^1H$-, $^I3C$-NMR and Fourier transform infra¬red spectroscopy. It was found out that thermal stability of liquid phase (hfac)Cu(VTMS) and (hfac)Cu(VTMOS) were better than that of (hfac)Cu(A TMS) using FT - NMR. From in-situ FT - IR experiments, the disproportion reaction of Cu(hfac). the decomposition reaction of Cu(hfac), and cracking of free hfac ligand were observed. Also the effect of gaseous phase reaction on the deposition rates and film properties was investigated. The minimum temperature that deposition of copper films from (hfac)Cu(A TMS) was as low as 60$^{\circ}$C and such a low deposition temperature compared with those of other Cu( I ) precursors is believed to be related with weaken Cu- A TMS bond.

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A Recombinant Microbial Biosensor for Cadmium and Lead Detection (카드뮴 및 납 검출을 위한 재조합 미생물 바이오센서)

  • Shin, Hae Ja
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.503-508
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    • 2016
  • Biosensors have been used as first-step monitoring tools to detect on-site samples in a simple and cost-effective manner. Numerous recombinant microbial biosensors have been exploited for monitoring on-site toxic chemicals and biological signals. Herein, a recombinant microbial biosensor was constructed for monitoring cadmium. The cadmium responding cadC regulatory gene and it’s promoter from Staphylococcus aureus was amplified through PCR, fused with the lacZ gene, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. In the presence of cadmium, the biosensor cells express β-galactosidase showing red color development with chlorophenol red β-galactopyranoside (CPRG) as the enzymatic substrate. The biosensor cells showed the best β-galactosidase activity after 3 hr induction with cadmium at pH 5 and a detection range from 0.01 μM to 10 mM cadmium with a linearity from 0.01 to 0.1 μM cadmium (y = 0.98 x + 0.142, R2 = 0.98). Among the heavy metals, cadmium and lead showed good responses, tin and cobalt showed medium responses, and mercury and copper showed no responses. The biosensor cells showed good responses to several waste waters similar to buffer solution, all spiked with cadmium. The biosensor described herein could be applied for on-site cadmium monitoring in a simple and cost-effective manner without sample pretreatments.