• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

자동차의 엔진룸의 내부를 살펴보면 여러 가지의 장치 및 장비가 복잡하게 설치되어 있고 각종 오일 등의 인화물질을 포함하고 있어 재발화 가능성이 매우 높다. 또한, 폭발가능성도 높기 때문에 운전자나 탑승자가 보닛을 열고 엔진룸에 직접 분말 소화기를 분사하는 방식으로는 한계가 있다. 따라서 엔진룸 내부에서 화재를 감지하여 소화약제를 분사한 뒤, 화재를 진화하는 소화시스템과 엔진룸 내부의 고열에 견딜 수 있고, HFC-227ea를 포함하는 충분한 점성을 가진 폼 형태의 소화약제를 개발 및 시험하였다. 그리고 포소화약제가 가지고 있는 소화원리인 질식 및 냉각효과와 HFC-227ea가 가진 부촉매효과를 동시에 이끌어 내고, 소화 후에도 분말 소화기처럼 잔존물에 의한 2차 피해가 없는 맞춤형 소화약제를 개발하였으며, 차량을 이용한 충돌실험을 통하여 방출이 완료된 후에도 이물질 없이 소화약제를 제거할 수 있는 장점이 존재하는 실험결과를 획득하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 1999

The experiments were carried out to elucidate the varietal variation of retrogradation in aged cooked rice and its association with some physicochemical properties of milled rice. The fifteen rice materials were selected from forty-three low-amylose japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars based on palatability and retrogradation of cooked rice stratified by preliminary sensory evaluation of warm and cooled cooked rice. One japonica glutinous rice variety was included for comparison of retrogradation of cooked rice. The $\alpha$-amylase-iodine method was adopted for checking the varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice. The desirable checking time for evaluating the varietal difference in deterioration of aged cooked rice was four hours after storing in room temperature and two hours after preserving in refrigerator based on the largest coefficients of variations in degree of retrogradation of cooked rice. The rice cultivars revealing the relatively slow retrogradation in aged cooked rice were Ilpumbyeo, Chucheongbyeo, Sasanishiki, Jinbubyeo and Koshihikari. A Tongil-type rice, Taebaegbyeo, and a japonica cultivar, Seomjinbyeo, showed the relatively fast deterioration of cooked rice. The retrogadation index represented by the percentage of retrogradation difference between warm and cooled cooked rice to original estimates of warm cooked rice was significantly affected by the degree of retrogradation of cooled cooked rice. Generally, the better rice cultivars in eating quality of cooked rice showed less retrogradation and much sponginess in cooled cooked rice. Also, the rice varieties exhibiting less retrogradation in cooled cooked rice revealed higher hot viscosity and lower cool viscosity of rice flour in amylogram. The sponginess of cooled cooked rice was closely associated with magnesium content and volume expansion of cooked rice. The hardness-changed ratio of cooked rice by cooling was negatively correlated with solids amount extracted during boiling and volume expansion of cooked rice. The major physicochemical properties of rice grain closely related to the palatability of cooked rice may be directly or indirectly associated with the retrogradation characteristics of cooked nce. The varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice can be effectively classified by scatter diagram on the plane of upper two principal components based on some retrogradation properties of cooked rice. The deteriorated structural change in cooled cooked rice by observing through the scanning electron microscope was more conspicuous in the fastly retrograded cooked rice than in the slower one.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2009

지하고준위 방사성폐기물 처분장 근계영역에서의 거동을 예측하는 것은 처분장 설계나 안전성 평가에 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 유한차분 코드를 이용하여 처분장 설계인자 및 재료물성으로 구성되는 7가지 인자에 대한 민감도 분석을 실시하였다. 민감도 분석 결과 처분공 간격, 터널 간격, 냉각시간과 암반의 열전도도가 다른 인자에 비해 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 처분장 주변의 암반과 완충재 온도의 통계적인 분포를 구하기 위해 backpropagation 인공신경망 기법이 적용되었다. 학습된 인공신경망의 적합성을 평가하기 위해 무작위로 선정된 입력 인자에 대한 예측이 실시되었다. 인자 값의 변화가 ${\pm}10%$ 인 경우, 신경망은 1% 오차로 신뢰할 수 있는 예측 결과를 보임을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 학습된 신경망은 다양한 경우에 대한 신속한 온도 예측에 활용할 수 있었다. 완충재와 암반의 온도는 각각 평균 $98^{\circ}C$, $83.9^{\circ}C$ 표준편차는 $3.82^{\circ}C$ 와 $3.67^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 인공신경망을 이용함으로써 암반과 완충재 온도를 $1^{\circ}C$ 변화시키기 위해 필요한 설계 인자의 조정 범위를 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.687-694
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• 1994

선택적 LPE방법을 이용하여 (111)B GaAs 기판 상에 InP연속 박막을 성장하고 그 특성을 평가하였다. 적정 LPE성장조건으로 성장온도 $660^{\circ}C$, 과냉도 $5^{\circ}C$, 냉각속도 $0.4^{\circ}C$/min였으며, 연구된 온도 범위에서 성장온도가 증가할수록 표면형상이 개선되었고 ELO의 넓이가 증가하였다. Seed방향이 <112>방향에서 110-160$\mu \textrm{m}$ 정도의 최대 ELO 넓이가 얻어졌으며 60-80$\mu \textrm{m}$정도의 마스크 간격에서 연속박막을 용이하게 성장할 수 있었다. LPE 성장초기에 기판 용해 현상이 발생하였으며 이에 따라 성장박막의 조성이 대략 $In_{0.85}Ga_{0.15}$As$_{0.01}P{0.99}$으로 변화하고 InP/GaAs계면 및 박막 표면형상이 거칠어졌으나 기판의 성장 부위가 제한됨에 따라 통상적인 LPE박막에 비교하여 매우 개선된 표면형상을 얻을 수 있었다. 두개의 성장융액을 이용하여 1차 박막성장 후 다시 InP 박막을 성장하는 2단성장 방법을 사용하여 순수한 InP/GaAs박막을 성장할 수 있었으며 단면 TEM분석 결과 SLPE성장박막으로 전파하는 활주전위는 산화막 마스크에 의해 효과적으로 차단됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2011

The objective of this study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of sperm collection methods on the post-thaw viability of cat semen. The cat semen was collected by artificial virginal (AV) and electronic ejaculate (EE) methods. The composition of semen extender was consisted of Tris-buffer supplemented with 20% egg yolk and 1% P/S antibiotics in Ext I, and more added 8% glycerol, 1.0% Equex STM paste of total volume in Ext II. The collected semen was adjusted the concentration and then diluted in Ext I for optimal concentration. The diluted semen was cooling to $5^{\circ}C$ temperature in refrigerator for at least 2 hrs and then diluted stepwise with Ext II for at least 1 hrs. After an equilibration for 1 hrs, the cooled semen was packaged in 0.5 ml straw and then freezing on the $LN_2$ vapor over 5 cm above from $LN_2$ and then immersed directly in $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. The frozen semen was thawed in $38^{\circ}C$ water for 15 sec and then evaluated the motility, viability, and morphology. Post-thaw semen were calculated the motility by SMI (sperm motility index). The live-dead sperm was evaluated by Eosin-B and morphological evaluation was by Diff-quik kit staining. The post-thaw concentration ($89{\times}10^6$ /ml vs. $128{\times}10^6$ /ml), viability ($22.6{\pm}10.6%$ vs. $37.1{\pm}26.1%$), morphological normality ($27.0{\pm}50.2%$ vs. $45.6{\pm}123.0%$) of EE and AV groups were not significant different, but the post-thaw motility was significant lower in EE than that in AV group ($53.1{\pm}3.6$ vs. $73.6{\pm}5.7$) (p<0.05). In conclusion, semen collection methods did not significant different between EE and AV groups except of post-thaw motility and so both semen collection methods could be applied in feline semen collection methods.

• 암석학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.92-105
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• 1999

채약산 현무암질암류는 응회ㅇ마류가 크게 우세하고 3매의 협재된 현무암으로 구성되는데 상위의 건천리층과 하위의 송내동층과는 정합적인 관계를 가진다. 본 현무암은 사장석, 휘석, 각섬석 및 약간의 감람석을 반정으로 함유하는데 주성분상으로는 알카리계열의 특성을 보여주고 유동성이 적은 미량원소의 거동은 칼크알카리계열의 특징을 보존하고 있어서 본암이 칼크알카리계열의 현무암으로 형성된 후 2차적으로 알카리 원소의 부화가 일어났음을 시사한다. 본암은 전박적으로 심하게 스필라이트화하였으나 부분적으로는 그 정도가 미약하거나 쇼쇼나이트질암으로 변질된 부분도 관찰된다. 반정으로 산출되는 각섬석의 Aldldhs이 심하게 스필라이트화된 본역에서도 지질압력계로서 활용될 수 있는지 신중히 검토되어 그 활용이 가능한 것으로 판단되며 압력의 추정은 Johnson and Rutherford(1989)의 압력-AlT 관계식에 적용, 산출하는 것이 가장 타당한 것으로 판단되며 그 결과는 5.7kb로 산축되었는데 이는 본 압층 최하부의 시료에서 얻은 것이므로 본암잉 분출되기 직전의 압력을 대표하는 것으로 해석될 수 있겠으나 온도보정이 불가능한 상황에서 얻은 값이므로 그 신빙도는 다소 낮을 것으로 판단된다. 이 압력과 본암의 반정광물의 입도 및 구성에 관한 사항을 Green(1982)의 염기성 마그마계에 관한 상도에 적용하여 마그마저장고의 형성 후 반정광물의 정출과정을 통한 기원마그마의 진화경로는 마그마저장고가 서서히 상승, 냉각되는 동안에 휘석 $\longrightarrow$ 휘석 및 감람석 $\longrightarrow$ 희석, 감람석 및 각섬석 $\longrightarrow$ 휘석 및 각섬석 $\longrightarrow$ 휘석, 각섬석 및 사장석등의 일연의 결정분화작용과 모암에 의한 혼염작용을 거치면서 진화되었음이 추정된다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.367-378
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• 2007

천체관측용 고효율 CCD 카메라 시스템과 제어소프트웨어의 독자 개발의 시도로, 우리는 범용 CCD 카메라 시스템을 제작하고, 이를 Linux 운영체제 기반의 PC에서 병렬포트를 이용하여 제어하는 소프트웨어를 개발 완료하였다. 이 소프트웨어는 우리가 개발한 카메라에 장착될 수 있는 KAF-0401E($768\;{\times}\;512$), KAF-1602E($1536\;{\times}\;1024$), KAF-3200E($2184\;{\times}\;1472$) 등 세 가지 모델의 CCD 칩에 대해 모두 사용될 수 있다. 제작된 CCD 카메라를 효율적으로 제어하기 위하여, 개발된 소프트웨어는 CCD를 제어하는 부분과 온도와 셔터를 제어하는 부분의 두가지 구성으로 되어 있다. 이 중, 온도와 셔터의 제어는 CCD 동작과 무관하게 작동될 수 있도록 독립적인 프로세스로 작동되며, 관측 시에는 Linux의 다중 프로세스를 제어하는 소프트웨어를 통하여 통합 제어된다. 개발된 소프트웨어는 CCD 카메라를 수동 혹은 자동으로 구동할 수 있으며, 전천을 탐사하는 자동관측 시스템의 기상 모니터나 일반 천체관측 등에 범용으로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. 시험 결과, KAF-0401E, KAF-1602E, KAF-3200E, 각각의 CCD에 대하여 약 15초, 64초, 134초 정도의 영상 읽기 시간이 소요되었으며, 이는 병렬포트 전송속도의 한계로 인한 것이다. 따라서 보다 넓은 수광영역을 가진 CCD를 사용하기 위해서는 입출력 속도를 높일 필요가 있으며, 이를 위하여 USB 포트를 이용한 제어를 고려하고 있다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the usability of the used frying oil, which was extracted from soybean, as one of the alternative fuel of a small diesel engine. For the experiment, NO. 2 diesel oil [D], used frying oil [UF], and their volumetric blends were applied and analysis of the properties and compositions of the experimental fuels were conducted. A four cycle diesel engine with single cylinder, water cooling system, maximum output 8.1 ㎾/2,200 rpm was selected and a direct injection chamber and a precombustion chamber were attached alternately. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Engine power (BHP) were increased from 4.13~4.27㎾ to 9.08~9.15㎾ for diesel oil, from 4.05~4.19㎾ to 8.44~8.92㎾ for UF, and from 4.01~4.48㎾ to 8.69~9.16㎾ for blend fuel, as the engine speed increased from 1,000 rpm to 2,200 rpm. The BHP in case of the direct combustion chamber were fluctuated higher than those of the pre-combustion chamber. 2. With the engine speed increased, torque of the engine were increased from 39.50~40.80 N.m to 42.89 N.m, then decreased to 39.44~39.77 N.m for diesel oil, and increased from 38.73~40.04 N.m to 40.12~40.82 N.m then decreased as 36.53~38.76 N.m for UF. Torque of the blend fuels were increased from 38.75~41.76 N.m to 40.47~42.89 N.m then decreased to 37.73~39.78 N.m. There is no significant difference of torque between the type of combustion chambers. 3. The specific fuel consumption of the UF was increased about 20 percent depending on the engine speed variations. And in case of direct injection chamber, about 12 percent lower fuel consumption was observed than that of precombustion chamber. 4. NOx emission of the UF was higher than that of diesel oil at above 1,800rpm of the engine speed. In case of the direct injection chamber, NOx emission was revealed higher about 59 percent than that of the precombustion chamber, depending on the range of the engine speeds. 5. Smoke emission was decreased in case of UF compared with diesel oil on direct injection chamber. When using precombustion chamber smoke emission was a little higher than that of the direct injection chamber were showed at the engine speed range. 6. At all the engine speed range, exhaust gas temperatures were decreased 2~3$^{\circ}C$ for UF used engine compared with those of the diesel oil. The exhaust gas temperature of the direct injection chamber was higher than that of the precombustion chamber by 72$^{\circ}C$. 7. Unburnt materials remained in the cylinder in case of the pre-combustion chamber was smaller and softer than that of the direct combustion chamber. 8. The feasibility of the blend fuel B-1 and B-2 were verified as a direct combustion chamber was attached to the diesel engine, with respect to the power performance of the engine.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.942-948
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• 2010

In this study we aims to examine the effects of 0.5 mol% $Cr_2O_3$ addition on the reaction, microstructure development, resultant electrical properties, and especially the bulk trap and interface state levels of ZnO-$Bi_2O_3-Sb_2O_3$ (Sb/Bi=0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) systems (ZBS). The samples were prepared by conventional ceramic process, and characterized by XRD, density, SEM, I-V, impedance and modulus spectroscopy (IS & MS) measurement. The sintering and electrical properties of Cr-doped ZBS (ZBSCr) systems were controlled by Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore ($Zn_2Bi_3Sb_3O_{14}$) was decomposed more than $100^{\circ}C$ lowered on heating in ZBS (Sb/Bi=1.0) by Cr doping. The densification of ZBSCr (Sb/Bi=0.5) system was retarded to $800^{\circ}C$ by unknown Bi-rich phase produced at $700^{\circ}C$. Pyrochlore on cooling was reproduced in all systems. And $Zn_7Sb_2O_{12}$ spinel ($\alpha$-polymorph) and $\delta-Bi_2O_3$ phase were formed by Cr doping. In ZBSCr, the varistor characteristics were not improved drastically (non-linear coefficient $\alpha$ = 7~12) and independent on microstructure according to Sb/Bi ratio. Doping of $Cr_2O_3$ to ZBS seemed to form $Zn_i^{..}$(0.16 eV) and $V^{\bullet}_o$ (0.33 eV) as dominant defects. From IS & MS, especially the grain boundaries of Sb/Bi=0.5 systems were divided into two types, i.e. sensitive to oxygen and thus electrically active one (1.1 eV) and electrically inactive intergranular one (0.95 eV) with temperature.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2000

Objective : We studied to clarify the effective time zone of mild hypothermic neural protection during ischemia and/or reperfusion after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods : In a reversible cerebral infarct model which maintained reperfusion of blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion for two hours, the size of cerebral infarction, cerebral edema and the extent of neurological deficit were observed and analyzed for comparison between the control and the experimental groups under hypothermia($33.5^{\circ}C$). The temporalis muscle temperature was reduced to $33.5^{\circ}C$ by surface cooling for two hours during middle cerebral artery occlusion for study group I. The following groups applied hypothermia for two-hour periods after reperfusion : group II(0-2 hours), group III(2-4 hours), and group IV(4-6 hours). They were rewarmed to $36.5^{\circ}C$ until sacrified at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion. Control group was maintained at normothermia without hypothermia. Results : In the experimental groups with hypothermia, the average value of the size of cerebral infarction($mean{\pm}SD$) was $1.97{\pm}1.65%$, which was a remarkable reduction over that of the control, $4.93{\pm}3.79%$. In the control, a progressive increase was shown in the size of infarction from point of reperfusion to 6 hours after reperfusion without further changes in size afterward. Intra-ischemic hypothermia(group I) prevented ischemic injury but did not prevent reperfusion injury. Group II examplified the most neural protective effect in comparison to the control group and group IV(p<0.05). The cortex was more vulnerable to reperfusion injury than the subcortex. Mild hypothermia showed more neural protective effects on the cortex than subcortex. Conclusion : The most appropriate time zone for application of mild hypothermia was defined to be within four hours following reperfusion.