• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.184-200
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• 2001

Objective : To research SUCCUS PHYLLOSTACHYOS through 38 kinds texts over generation for acuacupunture experiment of SUCCUS PHYLLOSTACHYOS. Methods : I studied origin, alias, species, tastes, meridian, effect, treatment, component, medical action and contraindication of SUCCUS PHYLLOSTACHYOS through 38 kinds mecical literatures. Results : Medical actions of SUCCUS PHYLLOSTACHYOS are Resolving slippery phlegm, Reducing fever, Nourishing Yin, Expelling wind and Activating blood circulation. Therefore SUCCUS PHYLLOSTACHYOS can be applied to aphonia, wind arthralgia, Diabetes, epilepsy and convulsive seizure in children. Specially for phlegm-retention due to stroke, it must be used with fresh ginger juice.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.85-103
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• 1999

In order to prove the anticonvulsive effect of the fragrance of Magnoliae Flos in convulsion-induced mice, experiments were performed on anticonvulsive effect, GABA level, glutamic acid level, GABA-T activity and GAD activity. The results were obtained as follows: 1. As far as anticonvulsive effect was concerned, on the convulsion induced by such as maximal electric seizure, strychnine, bicuculline, or picrotoxin it was not significant, but the convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole it was significant comparing to the control group. 2. GABA level was increased significantly in mice. 3. Glutamic acid level was decreased significantly in mice. 4. GABA-T activity was decreased by the fragrance of Magnoliae Flos. 5. The fragrance of Magnoliae Flos was not effective in GAD activity. From above result, the fragrance of Magnoliae Flos had significant effects on convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole, so it is expected to clinical application on convulsive diseases such as epilepsy.

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 2018

Purpose: Early prediction of prognosis of children resuscitated from cardiac arrest is a major challenge. We investigated the utility of electroencephalography (EEG) and laboratory studies for predicting of neurologic outcome in children resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of patients who were resuscitated from cardiac arrest from 2006 to 2015 at the Gil Medical Center. Patients aged one month to 18 years were included. EEG analysis included background scoring, reactivity and seizure burden. EEG background was classified score 0 (normal/organized), score 1 (slow and disorganized), score 2 (discontinuous or burst suppression), and score 3 (suppressed and featureless). Neurologic outcome was evaluated by Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) at least 6 months after cardiac arrest. Results: Total 26 patients were evaluated. Nine patients showed good neurologic outcome (PCPC 1, 2, 3) and 17 patients showed poor neurologic outcome (PCPC 4, 5, 6). Patients of poor neurologic outcome group showed EEG background score 3 in 88.2%, whereas 44.4% in patients of good neurologic outcome group (P=0.028). Electrographic ictal discharges except non-convulsive status epilepticus were presented in 44.4% of good neurologic outcome group and 5.9% of poor neurologic outcome group (P=0.034). Ammonia and lactate levels were higher and pH levels were lower in poor outcome group than good neurologic outcome group. Conclusion: Suppressed and featureless EEG background is associated with poor neurologic outcome and electrographic seizures are associated with good neurologic outcome.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 1999

For experimental studies on the anticonvulsion effect and it was measured in mice that toxigenic effect, influence on the central nervous system, anticonvulsion effect, mechanism of anticonvulsion effect by change of GABA level and glutamic acid in brain, effect of the creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect. 2. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on the central nervous system. 3. Pretreatment of Samulanshintang did not influence on maximal electric seizure(MES), strychnine, bicuculine and picrotoxin, but pentylenetrazol(PTZ)-induced convulsion significantly decreased. 4. Effect of Samulanshintang except for Jinsa on the PTZ-Induced convulsion decreased. 5. Effect of Samulanshintang fragrance(SMATF) and Samulanshintang distiled water(SMATW) on the PTZ-induced convulsion did not influence. 6. Decrease of brain GABA level in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 7. Decrease of brain glutathione content in PTZ-induced convulsion was increased by pretreatment of Samu- lanshintang. 8. GABA-T activity increased by PTZ-induced was controlled by the pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 9. Increase of brain lipid peroxide content in PTZ-induced convulsion was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 10. Significant increase of brain xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities in PTZ-induced was controlled by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. 11. Decrease of brain superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in PTZ-induced was decreased by pretreatment of Samulanshintang. From the above results, Samulanshintang was perfect medicine without toxigenic effect and was recognized anticonvulsion effect by decreasing brain glutamic acid level and increasing brain GABA level. Samulanshintang have an effect on creation and degradation system of brain oxygen free radicals in convulsion, thus it was considered that Samulanshintang could be applied in convulsive disorder as epilepsy, febrile seizure and spasm etc.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2018

Objectives: Ethanol withdrawal following its chronic use is a serious outcome and challenging to treatment. The chronic use of ethanol induces a progressive neuroplasticity in different reigns of brain. In this study we evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and its active compound, crocin, on the withdrawal behavior induced after repeated administration of ethanol, in two regimens of prophylactic (administration of drugs concomitant with the induction of dependence) and treatment (administration of drugs during the period of ethanol withdrawal) in mice which received ethanol. Methods: Ethanol dependence was induced by oral administration of 10% v/v ethanol (2 g/kg) for 7 days. The aqueous extracts of saffron (40, 80 and 160) and crocin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) were administered to mice in two regimens of prophylactic (along with ethanol) and treatment (during withdrawal period). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Six hours after discontinuation of the ethanol, seizure was evaluated by the sub-convulsive dose of pentyleneltetrazole (PTZ) (30 mg/kg). The open field test and Rota rod test were used for evaluation of locomotor activity and motor incoordination, respectively. Results: Both extracts and crocin increased the number of crossed lined in the open field test. PTZ kindling seizure was inhibited in animals received extract (80 and 160 mg/kg) in both regimens. Motor incoordination was only improved following administration of crocin. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of saffron and crocin can be considered as safe agents and reliable alternative to diazepam in management of ethanol withdrawal syndrome.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1995

Gastrodia elata is a medicinal plant which has been used as anticonvulsant in Korea, Japan and China. This study was conducted to examine the action mechanism of Gastrodia elata centering around the change of GABA and glutamic acid level in brain while observing the anticonvulsive effect in PTZ-induced seizure model. Seizures were reduced effectively by pretreatment of ether soluble part of methanol extract of Gastrodia elata. The pretreatment of ether soluble part inhibited not only the decrease of brain GABA level but also the increase of brain glutamic acid level observed in PTZ model of convulsive dose. Although there was not any change in glutamic acid level, the same development was also observed in the model of subconvulsive dose. From above results, it seems that the anticonvulsive component of Gastrodia elata is lipophilic, and its action mechanism is originated from both control action of GABA level and inhibition of glutaminergic neurotransmission.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.414-417
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• 2007

A 52-year-old woman with hypertension and moyamoya disease presented with chronic subdural hematoma [CSDH]. The presumed cause of bleeding was ascribed to administrated antiplatelet agents. She responded slowy and clumsily to verbal commands and had right arm weakness. After surgery, her clinical condition improved. But two days after surgery, her symptoms became aggravated and a convulsive seizure was noted within 24 hours. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no organic lesion except a small amount of residual CSDH. In addition, there was no laboratory evidence of metabolic brain disease. Moreover, after the administration of an antiepileptic drug [phenytoin], her manifestations disappeared. Therefore, the authors presume that her symptoms were resulted from nonconvulsive status epilepticus [NCSE], despite a lack of ictal period electroencephalographic findings. The authors were unable to find a single case report on postoperative NCSE in Korea. Therefore, the authors report this case of nonconvulsive status epilepticus after drainage of a CSDH in a patient with moyamoya disease.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.294-299
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to detect the status of epilepticus and seizure based on the initial patterns observed in the first 30 minutes of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) monitoring. An cEEG was recorded digitally using electrodes applied according to the International 10~20 System. The EEG data were reviewed from January 2014 to December 2015. The baselines of the EEG patterns were characterized by lateralized periodic discharges, generalized periodic discharges, burst suppression, focal epileptiform, asymmetric background, generalized slowing, and generalized periodic discharges with a triphagic wave. The etiology was classified into five categories. The subjects of this study were 128 patients (age: $56.9{\pm}17.5years$, male:female, 74:54). The mean cEEG monitoring duration was $5.5{\pm}5.1$ (min:max, 1:33) days. The EEG pattern categories included lateralized periodic discharges (N=7), generalized periodic discharges (N=10), burst suppression (N=6), focal epileptiform (N=19), asymmetric background (N=24), generalized slowing (N=51), and generalized periodic discharges with a triphagic wave (N=11). The etiological classifications of the patients with status epilepticus were remote symptomatic (N=4), remote symptomatic with acute precipitant (N=9), acute symptomatic (N=6), progressive encephalopathy (N=2), and febrile seizure (N=1). cEEG monitoring was found to be useful for the diagnosis of non-convulsive epileptic seizures or status epilepticus. The seizure was confirmed by the EEG pattern.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1969

Experimental studies were performed to observe the difference in tolerance of small animals to oxygen poisoning, and also to examine the effects of certain drug for it. The three experimental groups consisted of mature rat group, immature rat group and mouse group. The animals were exposed to 5 atm. of 100% oxygen using hyperbaric chamber, and they were observed for oxygen poisoning by pulmonary and central nervous system manifestation. The tolerance to oxygen poisoning was represented by half fatality time in each experimental group. The drug applied was ammonium chloride $NH_4Cl$ and it was administered intraperitoneally in various dosages for particular attribution of its prophylactic effect. The following conclusions were made; 1. The immature rat group showed the higher degree of tolerance to oxygen poisoning, as evidenced by a more prolonged half fatality time in the group. No significant difference in the half fatality time between the mature rat and the mouse group was observed. 2. The fact that the immature group showed the higher degree of tolerance as compared with the mature rat group represented by delayed onset of convulsion. 3. There was a remarkable difference in the Lung Weight/Body Weight ratio between the experimental and control group. 4. The animals with a shorter half fatality time uniformally displayed an earlier onset of convulsive seizure as the sign of oxygen poisoning and a significant elevated Lung Weight/Body Weight ratio. 5. Ammonium chloride at the dosage of 450mg per kg body weight had the most pronounced prophylactic effect on oxygen poisoning.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2004

Purpose: In this study, we tried to evaluate the clinical characteristics or circumstances that lead to unintentionally the delay in the diagnosis of intussusception or to the wrong direction that prevent the proper management early. Methods: All the patients of intussusception with delayed diagnosis in the department of pediatrics or emergency room at Gyeongsang National University Hospital from 1990 to 2003 were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. Results: There were 8 boys and 6 girls and their median age was 8 months (range 2 months to 10 years). Their initial symptoms and signs were vomiting, seizure, diarrhea, lethargy, irritability, bloody stool, palpable abdominal mass, foul odor of urine and tachycardia. Clinical diagnosis or impressions at admission consisted of acute gastroenteritis, shigellosis and toxic encephalopathy, convulsive disorders, urinary tract infections, sepsis, abdominal mass and intestinal obstruction. Eight patients were luckily diagnosed due to the delayed manifestations of cyclic irritability or currant jelly stool. Six patients were not paid attentions for the possibilities of intussusception and diagnosed serendipitiously by the abdominal sonography or CT during the evaluation of the abdominal mass or distension. Only five of 14 cases (35.7%) were successfully managed by barium or air reductions. The other 9 cases needed surgical operations. Conclusion: Delayed diagnosis of intussusception arise when doctors initially diagnose the patients incorrectly due to the unusual presentations or when they overlook the newly arising symptoms or signs suggestive intussusception after the admission because they are ardently attached to the first impressions or initial clinical diagnosis.