• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.122-132
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• 2012

The effects of the sample viscosity and volume on the convective flows induced by temperature gradient in PGSE-NMR self-diffusion measurements at high temperature have been investigated. The experimental results showed that the viscosity of the liquid sample strongly affects the magnitude of the convective flows as well as the diffusion coefficient itself. It was also found that the convective flows increase as the sample volume increase.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.495-505
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• 2003

Meteosat-5 IR 위성영상을 사용하여 1999년과 2000년 여름몬순기간 동안 발생한 네팔과 인디아 북쪽 히말라야 산악지역에 발생하는 여러 형태의 대류계 즉, 중규모 대류계들 (Mesoscale Convective Complex, MCC and Convective Cloud Clusters, CCC) 와 보다 약한 Disorganized Short-lived Convection (DSL)의 이동특성 및 시공간적인 생성특성 등을 조사하였다. 대상지역에 발생하는 중규모 대류계의 전형적인 지속시간은 약 11시간이며 크기는 약 $300,000km^2$ 이다. 중규모 대류계의 중심은 히말라야산맥으로부터 원거리에 위치함에도 불구하고 집중강운-는 위도 $25^{\circ}-30^{\circ}N$ 사이의 히말라야 하단에 발생하는 중규모 대류계와 직접적 상관관계를 가진다. 결과는 히말라야 고도 500-4000m에 설치된 강우계로부터 획득된 강우자료의 변화 특성과 대류계 거동 특성이 유사함을 보여주었다(Barros et al. 2000). 집중호우의 강력한 야간발생과 Gangetic Plains에서 발생한 중규모 대류계와의 연관성을 보여주었다(Barros et al. 2000).

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1831-1843
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• 2001

In this study, convective boiling tests were conducted for enhanced tube bundles. The surface geometry consists of pores and connecting gaps. Tubes with three different pore sizes (d$_{p}$ = 0.20, 0.23 and 0.27 mm) were tested using R-123 and R-l34a for the following range: 8 kg/m$^2$s G 26 kg/m$^2$s, 10 kW/m$^2$ q0 40 kW/m$^2$and 0.1 $\chi$ 0.9. The convective boiling heat transfer coefficients were strongly dependent on heat flux with negligible dependency on mass flux or quality. For the present enhanced geometry (pores and gaps), the convective effect was apparent. The gaps of the present tubes may have served routes for the passage of two-phase mixtures, and enhanced the boiling heat transfer. The convective effect was more pronounced at a higher saturation temperature. More bubbles will be generated at a higher saturation temperature, which will lead to enhanced convective contribution. The pore size where the maximum heat transfer coefficient was obtained was larger for R-l34a (d$_{p}$ = 0.27 mm) compared with that for R-123 (d$_{p}$ = 0.23 mm). This trend was consistent with the previous pool boiling results. For the enhanced tube bundles, the convective effect was more pronounced for R-134a than for R-123. This trend was reversed for the smooth tube bundle. Possible reasoning is provided based on the bubble behavior on the tube wall. Both the modified Chen and the asymptotic model predicted the present data reasonably well. The RMSEs were 14.3% for the modified Chen model and 12.7% for the asymptotic model.model.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2002년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.366-366
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• 2002

Cloud-to ground lightning and total precipitation over Korean peninsula during the summer monsoon season are studied extensively with a special emphasis on the characteristics of convective precipitation. Ten years (1988-1997) lightning and rainfall data and a temporal and spatial scale of one month and 10$^2$ km$^2$ respectively are used to calculate the monthly number of CG lightning flash count. Monsoonal convective activity is higher over the west coast with maxima at two different regions, one in the northern part which increases nortwestward and the other is at the middle west coast of Korea increasing towards the west coast. East coast represents the minimum value of monsoonal convective activity. In the east coast of Korean peninsula, particularly in the region east of Tae-back mountain, the value of Rain yield, (which is defined as the ratio of total precipitation to CG flash count over a common area), is maximum with an average value of 3$\times$10$^{8}$ kg fl$^{-1}$, while the minimum value of rain yield is occurred in the west of Tae-back mountain, with an average value of 0.8$\times$10$^{8}$ kg fl$^{-1}$. Results show in the west coast stations, nearly 82% of the total rainfall is convective in nature, at the middle of the peninsula 53% of the total rain is convective while in the east coast stations 46% contribution from the convective rain is seen. Kanghwa receives the maximum convective rain while at Ulsan the convective rain is minimum. Correlation coefficient between the total precipitation and CG lightning during the summer monsoon season is 0.54.

• 대기
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.489-510
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for detecting convective initiation (CI) using GEO-KOMPSAT-2A/advanced meteorological imager data. The algorithm identifies clouds that are likely to grow into convective clouds with radar reflectivity greater than 35 dBZ within the next two hours. This algorithm is developed using statistical and qualitative analysis of cloud characteristics, such as atmospheric instability, cloud top height, and phase, for convective clouds that occurred on the Korean Peninsula from June to September 2019. The CI algorithm consists of four steps: 1) convective cloud mask, 2) cloud object clustering and tracking, 3) interest field tests, and 4) post-processing tests to remove non-convective objects. Validation, performed using 14 CI events that occurred in the summer of 2020 in Korean Peninsula, shows a total probability of detection of 0.89, false-alarm ratio of 0.46, and mean lead-time of 39 minutes. This algorithm can be useful warnings of rapidly developing convective clouds in future by providing information about CI that is otherwise difficult to predict from radar or a numerical prediction model. This CI information will be provided in short-term forecasts to help predict severe weather events such as localized torrential rainfall and hail.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2007

In this paper, we show the convergence of approximate solutions to the convective porous media equation using methodology developed in [8]. First, we obtain the approximate transport equation for the given convective porous media equation. Then using the averaging lemma, we obtain the convergence.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 가는 열선 주위를 흐르는 나노유체의 대류열전달 특성을 실험을 통하여 검토하였다. 입자 혼합 농도가 다른 4개의 나노엔진오일에 대하여 열선온도가 증가하는 경우, 유체온도가 증가하는 경우 그리고 막온도가 일정하게 유지되는 경우 등 세가지 온도경계조건에 대하여 대류열전달계수를 측정하였다. 내부유동에서 나노유체의 대류열전달계수 상승이 열전도율 상승을 초과한다는 결과가 최근 발표되기도 했지만 본 연구에서는 이 결과를 확인할 수 없었다. 온도조건에 따른 대류열전달계수의 변화 거동을 분석함으로써 나노유체의 열전도율과 경계층두께의 관계를 설명할 수 있었다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2002

Theoretical models of radiative transfer are developed to simulate the 85 GHz brightness temperature (T85) observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) radiometer as a function of rain rate. These simulations are performed separately over regions of the convective and stratiform rain. TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) observations are utilized to construct vertical profiles of hydrometeors in the regions. For a given rain rate, the extinction in 85 GHz due to hydrometeors above the freezing level is found to be relatively weak in the convective regions compared to that in the stratiform. The hydrometeor profile above the freezing level responsible for the weak extinction in convective regions is inferred from theoretical considerations to contain two layers: 1) a mixed (or mixed-phase) layer of 2 km thickness with mixed-phase particles, liquid drops and graupel above the freezing level, and 2) a layer of graupel extending from the top of the mixed layer to the cloud top. Strong extinction in the stratiform regions is inferred to result from slowly-falling, low-density ice aggregates (snow) above the freezing level. These theoretical results are consistent with the T85 measured by TMI, and with the rain rate deduced from PR for the convective and stratiform rain regions. On the basis of this study, the accuracy of the rain rate sensed by TMI is inferred to depend critically on the specification of the convective or stratiform nature of the rain.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.406-413
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• 2019

Red-Green-Blue (RGB) imagery techniques are useful for both forecasters and public users because they are intuitively understood, have advantageous visualization, and do not lose observational information. This study presents a novel RGB convective cloud product and its application to tropical cyclone analysis using Communication, Oceanography, and Meteorology (COMS) satellite observations. The RGB convective cloud product was developed using the brightness temperature differences between WV ($6.75{\mu}m$) and IR1 ($10.8{\mu}m$), and IR2 ($12.0{\mu}m$) and IR1 ($10.8{\mu}m$) as well as the brightness temperature in the IR1 bands of the COMS, with the threshold values estimated from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) radar observations and the EUMETSAT RGB recipe. To verify the accuracy of the convective cloud RGB product, the product was applied to the center positions analysis of two typhoons in 2013. Thus, the convective cloud RGB product threshold values were estimated for WV-IR1 (-20 K to 15 K), IR1 (210 K to 300 K), and IR1-IR2 (-4 K to 2 K). The product application in typhoon analysis shows relatively low bias and root mean square errors (RMSE)s of 23 and 28 km for DANAS in 2013, and 17 and 22 km for FRANCISCO in 2013, as compared to the best tracks data from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) in Tokyo. Consequently, our proposed RGB convective cloud product has the advantages of high accuracy and excellent visualization for a variety of meteorological applications.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.729-737
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• 2006

Air-side forced convective heat transfer of a plate fin-tube heat exchanger is investigated by experimental measurement and numerical computation. The heat exchanger consists of staggered arrangement of refrigerant pipes of 10.2 m diameter and the pitch of fins is 3.5 m. In the experimental study, the forced convective heat transfer is measured at Reynolds number of 1082, 1397, 1486, 1591 and 1649 based on diameter of refrigerant piping and mean velocity. Average Nusselt number for the convective heat transfer coefficient is also computed for the same Reynolds number by commercial software of STAR-CD with standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulent model. It is found that the relative errors of average Nusselt numbers between experimental and numerical data are less than 6 percentage in Reynolds number of $1082{\sim}1649$. The errors between experiment and other correlations are ranged from 7% to 32.4%. But the correlation of Kim at al is closest to the experimental data within 7% of the relative error.