• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1153-1164
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to find out the creative visual expression in fashion illustration through the previous general theories on creativity. The creative visual expression, in fashion illustration works, can be summarized eight categories as follows. There are 'maximization & minimization'to emphasize the illustrators'emotions and contemporary trends, proposed specially in body expression, 'inversion' seen as the forms of contra-perspective, upside-down, rearrangement of parts, diverted process, etc, 'Unusual uses'to add the effect of caricature, parody, and humor to the fashion illustration works, 'extraordinary connection'seen as the shapes of various combination between animals, plants, stuff, and man, 'concealment & elimination'used frequently in creative visual expression includes a deformed human body, an abstracted human body, an extreme value contrast, simple colors, and dress in silhouette, 'association'seen in various methods; comparing the similar shapes, describing a certain situation or details for analogizing the whole, ‘illusion’ expressed in surreal, mysterious, and fairy depictions and 'substitution'to imitate the composition and colors of masterpieces, copy the parts.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1331-1346
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• 2018

Aiming at the problem that the gradient-based edge detection operators are sensitive to the noise, causing the pseudo edges, a triqubit-state measurement-based edge detection algorithm is presented in this paper. Combing the image local and global structure information, the triqubit superposition states are used to represent the pixel features, so as to locate the image edge. Our algorithm consists of three steps. Firstly, the improved partial differential method is used to smooth the defect image. Secondly, the triqubit-state is characterized by three elements of the pixel saliency, edge statistical characteristics and gray scale contrast to achieve the defect image from the gray space to the quantum space mapping. Thirdly, the edge image is outputted according to the quantum measurement, local gradient maximization and neighborhood chain code searching. Compared with other methods, the simulation experiments indicate that our algorithm has less pseudo edges and higher edge detection accuracy.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.948-952
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• 2018

Haze removal is an object of scientific desire due to its various practical applications. Existing algorithms are founded upon histogram equalization, contrast maximization, or the growing trend of applying machine learning in image processing. Since machine learning-based algorithms solve problems based on the data, they usually perform better than those based on traditional image processing/computer vision techniques. However, to achieve such a high performance, one of the requisites is a large and reliable training database, which seems to be unattainable owing to the complexity of real hazy and haze-free images acquisition. As a result, researchers are currently using the synthetic database, obtained by introducing the synthetic haze drawn from the standard uniform distribution into the clear images. In this paper, we propose the enhanced equidistribution, improving upon our previous study on equidistribution, and use it to make a new database for training machine learning-based haze removal algorithms. A large number of experiments verify the effectiveness of our proposed methodology.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1998

To evaluate immunotoxicity of skin decontamination kit(SDK) newly-developed in Agency for Defense Development(ADD), delayed contact hypersensitivity (maximization) test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test of SDK were performed and the results were compared with those of M 291. In maximization test, sensitization reaction was induced by id injection (2.5 mg / 0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/ guinea pig or 2.5 mg+CFA/0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) and topical application (2.5 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) with SDK or M291 at an interval of 1 week, and 2 weeks later, challenged by topical application with 25 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig. SDK and M291 did not induce any reactions, showing 0 point of sensitization score and 0% of sensitization rate. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK and M291 do not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity. In PCA test, rats were administered id with mouse anti-SDK serum and challenged iv with a mixture of antigen SDK and Evan's blue. SDK did not induce blue spots at the injection sites of both high (2.5 mg/mouse) and low (1.25 mg/mouse) dose-induced antisera. In contrast, BSA, positive control produced spots larger than 5 mm in diameter at the injection sites of BSA-induced antiserum up to $2^2$ ~ $2^4$dilution. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK do not induce IgE production and is not a PCA-reaction inducer.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.111-127
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• 2023

Purpose: Gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) is increasingly used in nuclear medicine imaging for various conditions such as lymphoma and neuroendocrine tumors by labeling tracers like Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) and DOTA-TOC. However, compared to Fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) used in conventional nuclear medicine imaging, ⁶⁸Ga has lower spatial resolution and relatively higher Signal to Background Ratio (SBR). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimized parameters and reconstruction methods for PET/CT imaging using the ⁶⁸Ga radiotracer through model-based image evaluation. Materials and Methods: Based on clinical images of ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT, a NEMA/IEC 2008 PET phantom model was prepared with a Hot vs Background (H/B) ratio of 10:1. Images were acquired for 9 minutes in list mode using DMIDR (GE, Milwaukee WI, USA). Subsequently, reconstructions were performed for 1 to 8 minutes using OS-EM (Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization) + TOF (Time of Flight) + Sharp IR (VPFX-S), and BSREM (Block Sequential Regularized Expectation Maximization) + TOF + Sharp IR (QCFX-S-400), followed by comparative evaluation. Based on the previous experimental results, images were reconstructed for BSREM + TOF + Sharp IR / 2 minutes (QCFX-S-2min) with varying β-strength values from 100 to 700. The image quality was evaluated using AMIDE (freeware, Ver.1.0.1) and Advanced Workstation (GE, USA). Results: Images reconstructed with QCFX-S-400 showed relatively higher values for SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), CNR (Contrast to Noise Ratio), count, RC (Recovery Coefficient), and SUV (Standardized Uptake Value) compared to VPFX-S. SNR, CNR, and SUV exhibited the highest values at 2 minutes/bed acquisition time. RC showed the highest values for a 10 mm sphere at 2 minutes/bed acquisition time. For small spheres of 10 mm and 13 mm, an inverse relationship between β-strength increase and count was observed. SNR and CNR peaked at β-strength 400 and then decreased, while SUV and RC exhibited a normal distribution based on sphere size for β-strength values of 400 and above. Conclusion: Based on the experiments, PET/CT imaging using the ⁶⁸Ga radiotracer yielded the most favorable quantitative and qualitative results with a 2 minutes/bed acquisition time and BSREM reconstruction, particularly when applying β-strength 400. The application of BSREM can enhance accurate quantification and image quality in ⁶⁸Ga PET/CT imaging, and an optimization process tailored to each institution's imaging objectives appears necessary.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.344-356
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• 2002

목적: 적혈구 혈액 풀 SPECT는 높은 특이도로 인하여, 간의 대표적인 양성 종양인 혈관종의 진단에 널리 사용되어 왔지만 낮은 해상도가 이 검사의 단점 중 하나였다. 최근 들어 ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM)이라는 기술이 임상 핵의학 분야에서 단층영상의 재구성에 도입되고 있는 바, 저자들은 간 혈관종을 대상으로 기존의 역투사방식과 새로운 수정된 반복영상구성법인 OSEM을 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 24명의 간 혈관종 환자의 28개의 병변들 각각으로부터 이중 헤드 감마 카메라를 이용하여 단층영상 재구성을 위한 64개의 투사 영상을 얻었다. 이들 raw data는 LINUX운영체계의 개인용 컴퓨터에 보내서, 각각의 header file을 interfile로 대체하여 OSEM프로그램이 인식할 수 있도록 하였다. 최상의 영상을 구성하는 조건을 알아보기 위하여 다양한 subset 수(1, 2, 4, 8, 16 그리고 32) 및 반복계산 수 (1, 2, 4, 8, 그리고 16)하에서 재구성을 시도하여 4번의 반복계산과 16개의 subset일 때를 최적 조건으로 선택하였다. 이후 이 조건 하에서 OSEM과 역투사 방법으로 각각 모든 대상을 재구성한 후에 3명의 핵의학 및 방사선과 전문의가 특별한 정보 없이 모든 영상을 검토하였다. 결과: 28개의 병변을 맹검한 결과, 거의 모든 증례에서 OSEM이 역투사에 비교하여 최소한 대등하거나 우수한 영상의 질을 보여주었다. 비록 3 cm 이상의 큰 병변의 검출에는 차이가 없었으나 1.5-3 cm 크기의 병변 5개는 OSEM을 통하여서만 발견되었다. 하지만 1.5 cm 미만의 작은 병변 4개는 양쪽 모두에서 검출되지 않았다. 결론: OSEM은 작은 크기의 간 혈관종을 발견하는데 보다 높은 민감도를 보였으며 전체적인 영상의 질에 있어서도 보다 좋은 대조도와 윤곽을 보여주었다. OSEM은 이와 같은 장점 뿐만 아니라 높은 사양의 컴퓨터를 요하지않고 계산시간이 길지 않기 때문에 임상에서 간 혈관종의 진단을 위한 적혈구 혈액풀 SPECT에 쉽게 적용될 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 사료된다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.520-530
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• 2015

본 논문은 장기적 및 단기적 관점에서 도시내 도로의 최적 혼잡통행료를 추정하는 방법론을 구축하고, 이를 서울시의 주요 도로에 적용하였다. 장기적 관점의 최적 혼잡통행료는 도로 건설 유지비용과 통행자비용을 합한 총비용을 극소화하는 최적 교통량-용량 비율을 구한 다음 추정된다. 반면 단기적 관점의 최적 혼잡통행료는 통행시간-교통량 함수와 개별수단선택모형을 이용해 공급-수요 균형점을 구한 다음 추정된다. 도시고속도로인 서부간선도로에 대한 장기적 관점의 분석 결과 최적 교통량-용량비율과 승용차-km당 최적 혼잡통행료는 1.35와 503원인 반면, 도시간선도로인 미아로에 대한 단기적 관점의 분석 결과는 1.31과 420원인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과는 어느 정도 할인율과 시간 가치에 영향을 받으나, 혼잡통행료를 부과하면 사회후생이 증가하는 것은 변함이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2016

Infrared (IR) imaging has been researched for various applications such as surveillance. IR radiation has the capability to detect thermal characteristics of objects under low-light conditions. However, automatic segmentation for finding the object of interest would be challenging since the IR detector often provides the low spatial and contrast resolution image without color and texture information. Another hindrance is that the image can be degraded by noise and clutters. This paper proposes multi-level segmentation for extracting regions of interest (ROIs) and objects of interest (OOIs) in the IR scene. Each level of the multi-level segmentation is composed of a k-means clustering algorithm, an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, and a decision process. The k-means clustering initializes the parameters of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and the EM algorithm estimates those parameters iteratively. During the multi-level segmentation, the area extracted at one level becomes the input to the next level segmentation. Thus, the segmentation is consecutively performed narrowing the area to be processed. The foreground objects are individually extracted from the final ROI windows. In the experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using several IR images, in which human subjects are captured at a long distance. The average probability of error is shown to be lower than that obtained from other conventional methods such as Gonzalez, Otsu, k-means, and EM methods.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1527-1532
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• 2023

The noise reduction algorithm using the non-local means (NLM) approach is very efficient in nuclear medicine imaging. In this study, the applicability of the NLM noise reduction algorithm in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images with a brain phantom and the optimization of the NLM algorithm by changing the smoothing factors according to various reconstruction methods are investigated. Brain phantom images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM). The smoothing factor of the NLM noise reduction algorithm determined the optimal coefficient of variation (COV) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) results at a value of 0.020 in the FBP and OSEM reconstruction methods. We confirmed that the FBP- and OSEM-based SPECT images using the algorithm applied with the optimal smoothing factor improved the COV and CNR by 66.94% and 8.00% on average, respectively, compared to those of the original image. In conclusion, an optimized smoothing factor was derived from the NLM approach-based algorithm in brain SPECT images and may be applicable to various nuclear medicine imaging techniques in the future.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권12호
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• pp.4591-4596
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• 2023

Single-photon emission computed tomography SPECT image reconstruction methods have a significant influence on image quality, with filtered back projection (FBP) and ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) being the most commonly used methods. In this study, we proposed newly-designed adaptive non-blind deconvolution with a structural similarity (SSIM) index that can take advantage of the FBP and OSEM image reconstruction methods. After acquiring brain SPECT images, the proposed image was obtained using an algorithm that applied the SSIM metric, defined by predicting the distribution and amount of blurring. As a result of the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and coefficient of variation evaluation (COV), the resulting image of the proposed algorithm showed a similar trend in spatial resolution to that of FBP, while obtaining values similar to those of OSEM. In addition, we confirmed that the CNR and COV values of the proposed algorithm improved by approximately 1.69 and 1.59 times, respectively, compared with those of the algorithm involving an inappropriate deblurring process. To summarize, we proposed a new type of algorithm that combines the advantages of SPECT image reconstruction techniques and is expected to be applicable in various fields.