• 무역상무연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.183-203
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• 2001

To accomplish international electronic commerce via the Internet, the most serious dilemma is the international payment system. The BBL is a secure and effective electronic commerce framework for the replacement of traditional paper documents by electronic messages via the Internet providing significant benefits in terms of cost savings, improved logistics and reduced errors in documentation. The most important legal obstacles in the BBL are how to secure authenticity, non-repudiation and message integrity as well as the status of negotiability equivalent to paper B/L. These kinds of functions may be carried out through the electronic title registry of the Bolero International Limited. The technical structure is supported contractually by the Bolero Rulebook. And other documents except B/L can be made out without any legal or technical problems. What are the handicaps of the BBL in its practical use at this time? I can summarize the current and expected problems as follows: First, the fee to join Bolero Association Limited is burdensome to sellers, buyers and trade related organizations all over the world. Second, the liability in errors or defaults in operating central data registry of Bolero International Limited is limited to U.S.$100,000. The amount is not sufficient to the many bulk cargo owners to cover the damages. Third, businessmen are used to traditional paper documents; therefore it takes much time for them to change their customs and practices. So the BBL and traditional papers would be used simultaneously for the time being. Finally, it is very important to incorporate the Rulebook, a multilateral contract binding on all users signed, in each domestic law, which will accomplish the uniform law basis.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1155-1168
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to investigate the realities and problem cases that occurred in the establishment and management of elderly housing facility in order to suggest the recommendations that help to improve the problem cases. For this purpose, 21 elderly housing facilities, which were established between 1996 and 2008 in Korea, were investigated with a documentary research method in terms of founders, managers, locations, the number of housing units, how to move-in. Also the problem cases that occurred in the establishment and management of 21 elderly housing facilities were investigated. The results were as followings. 1. Main founders and managers of 21 elderly housing facilities were the special companies for elderly housing, building companies, and social welfare corporation. Changes in the founders and managers were caused by financial problems; More than half of 21 elderly housing facilities were located in Seoul and near area; About a half of 21 elderly housing facilities had 100~200 housing units; An individual unit of elderly housing facilities can be rented or purchased, rented only, and purchased only. 2. The problems in the establishment and management of elderly housing facilities were non-return of deposit money, illegal sale of housing units, non-public registration of elderly housing facility, false advertisement, and unfair contract. 3. The problems in the establishment and management were mainly caused by the weakness in the regal and administration system for elderly housing and the illegal acts of founders and managers.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2019

In the past, there was a theory that influenza wasn't transmitted directly from birds but was infected to humans via swains. Recently, molecular level research has progressed, and it was confirmed that the avian influenza virus can directly infected to human lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Three pandemicsin the past 100 years were also infected to humans directly from birds. In view of such scientific background, we are developing a method for screening sick birds by monitoring the physiological characteristics of birds in a contactless manner with sensors. Here, the movement of respiratory muscles and abdominal muscles under autonomic innervation was monitored using a magnet and Hall sensor sewn on the thoracic wall, and other multimedia devices. This paper presents and discusses the results of experiments involving continuous periodic noise discovered during flight experiments with a data logger mounted on a Japanese pheasant from 2012 to 2015. A brief summary is given as the below: 1. Magnet and Hall sensor sewn to the left and right chest walls, bipolar electrocardiograms between the thoracic walls, posterior thoracic air sac pressure, angular velocity sensors sewn on the back and hips, and optical reflection of LEDs (blue and green) from the skin of the hips allow observation of periodic vibrations(fasciculations) in the waves. No such analysis has been reported before. 2. These fasciculations are presumed to be derived from muscle to maintain and control air sac pressure. 3. Since each muscle fiber is spatially Gaussian distributed from the sympathetic nerve, the envelope is assumed to plot a Gaussian curve. 4. Since avian trunk muscles contract periodically at all time, we assume that the sympathetic nerve dominates in their control. 5. The technique of sewing a magnet to the thoracic wall and measuring the strength of the magnetic field with a Hall sensor can be applied to screen for early stage of avian influenza, with a sensor attached to the chicken enclosure.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2018

경기 상황에 따라 연구개발 활동을 보는 기업의 시각이 다를 수 있음을 고려해 본 논문에서는 경기 침체 전후로 구분하여 기업이 연구개발 정책들에 대해 생각하는 중요성 정도가 경영성과(매출액)에 유의한 영향을 미치는 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 또한, 기업이 포함되어 있는 산업별로, 연구개발 투자 비중 별로, 기업이 참여하는 정부 지원정책 유형별로 연구개발 정책별 중요도 인식이 경영성과에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 다른 지를 비교하고자 한다. 설문조사를 실시하여 실증 분석한 결과에 의하면, 경기침체 전후 동일하게 '글로벌 시장 및 기술 정보 제공'을 중요하게 생각할수록 경영성과가 증가하며, 경기침체 이전에 유의한 영향을 주었던 '자체 기술개발에 대한 지원', '외국과의 기술협력 강화', '계약 및 지적재산권 보호 시스템의 강화'에 대한 중요성 인식은 경기침체 이후에는 경영성과에 유의한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문의 분석결과는 경기 상황에 따라 어느 연구개발 활동이 원활하게 수행될 수 있도록 정책적으로 지원할 것인지를 결정하는 데에 의미 있는 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제12권20호
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• pp.123-138
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• 1989

The primary objective of the agency research in the game theory lives in the maintenance of Pareto is optimal condition for the optimal incentive contract. The basic concepts which are related to this objective are reviewed in connection with the general assumptions to model it, the moral hazard and adverse selection which arised from the information asymmetry, and finally the problem of risk distribution. The demand for auditing and the role of auditor have been addressed by ASOBAC. Issues which an auditor is explicitly introduced in a principal-agent framework have been addressed in this paper. These issues must be confronted to appropriately with the auditor, and to achieve an adequate understanding of optimal confronting arrangement with the auditor. The first step in introducing an auditor into this analysis is to examine the game-theoretic foundation of such a expended agency model. The Mathematical program formulated may not yield solution that are resonable. This arises because the program may call for the auditor and manager to play dominated Nash equilibra in some subgame. The nontrivial natures of the subgame implies that randomized strategies by the auditor and manager nay be of crucial importance. The possibilities for overcoming the randomized strategy problem were suggested; change the rule of the game and or impose covexity condition. The former seems unjustifiable in on auditing context, and the latter promising but difficult to achieve. The discussion ended with an extension of the revelation principle to the owner manager-auditor game, assuming strategies. An examination of the restriction and improvement direction of the basic concept of agency theory was addressed in the later part of this paper. Many important aspects of auditor incentives are inherently multiple-agent, multiple-period, multiple-objectine, phenomena and require further analyses and researches.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2008

According to statistics released by the Ministry of Labor for the past 6 years, work-related accidents in the construction industry have been on the continued increase, resulting in social and economic losses that are difficult to determine at an exact amount. However, the number will likely get much bigger if unreported cases are included, considering the fact that the aforementioned statistics are based soley on the applications filed with Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service. The practice of businesses choosing not to report and dealing with industrial accidents in an unauthorized manner is defined as "concealment of industrial accident". The reason the employers tend to engage in the concealment practice even at their huge cost is a "pre-qualification" scheme for the applicants in the government procurement process. Under the pre-qualification scheme, the applicants with a high rate of industrial accidents receive a low grade and become less attractive candidates in the procurement process, thus losing an opportunity to win a contract. Such failure relates directly to the fate of business organizations, to survive or not. That is why they are making all-out efforts to obtain a high grade in the pre-qualification evaluation. With regard to the accident-concealment problem, the following can be mentioned as preventive measures: (1) To exclude a rate of industrial accidents from the pre-qualification scheme; (2) To strengthen the institution of imposing penalties on the occurrence of industrial accidents; (3) To introduce private insurance system to the current industrial accident compensation insurance; and (4) To give non-recognition treatment to industrial accidents that were not reported upon occurrence. In conclusion, the concealment problem can be resolved if the aforementioned measures are to be taken continuously along with corrective measures against institutional deficiencies.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2011

클레임의 발생원인과 예방에 대하여 많은 연구들이 수행되어 왔으나, 개선방안 혹은 제도개선, 대응방안 등에 대한 연구가 대부분이었다. 특히, 잠재되어 있는 클레임에 대한 구체적인 내용들을 정리하고, 예방을 위한 실무적인 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 그러므로 향후 발생할 수 있는 클레임에 대해, 그 중 설계단계에서 잠재될 가능성이 큰 원인들을 사전에 검토 및 재확인하여 클레임을 예방할 수 있는 수단이 부족하다. 본 연구에서는, 클레임이 발생되는 시기가 대부분 시공단계이지만 클레임의 원인은 설계단계에서 발생하는 점에 착안하여, 설계단계에서 잠재된 클레임 예방을 위하여 설계단계의 설계서 등을 포함한 계약문서를 중심으로 연구를 수행하였다. 클레임의 근거서류를 준비하고, 관련법규의 적용규정을 확인하면서 클레임 발생원인을 짚어볼 수 있는 체크리스트를 개발하였다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2010

현재 턴키 대안입찰공사에서의 도급내역서 단가가 적정하게 책정되지 않고 있다. 그 사유는 각 입찰제도의 성격 및 그에 따른 단가책정 프로세스가 다르기 때문이며, 이러한 사유로 인하여 턴키 입찰에서는 총액을 맞추기 위한 단가가, 그리고 내역 입찰에서는 저가심의제를 통과하기 위한 단가가 도급내역서에 사용되고 있으면 그 단가는 각 공종별 적정단가라 할 수 없다. 그러나, 도급계약후에는 이러한 단가들이 각 입찰제도의 성격 및 그에 따른 단가책정 프로세스의 고려없이, 모두 도급기성, 설계변경, 물가변동 등 법적 기준단가로 사용되고 있으며, 또한, 저가하도급 판정 기준 및 실적공사단가로도 사용되고 있어 다른 제도에까지 영향을 주고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 시스템은 검증되지 않은 단가를 책정한 입찰자와 발주자에게 모두 리스크 상승요인으로 작용하고 있어, 본 연구에서 그 리스크인자를 규명하고 그 리스크의 정도를 파악하여 향후 그 리스크를 대비하고 관리할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.135-149
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• 2019

매출채권보험은 거래상대방의 채무불이행으로 인한 중소기업의 손실 발생위험을 제거하는데 매우 효과적인 수단이며, 기업의 연쇄도산을 막음으로써 경제적으로 국내 중소기업을 보호하는 제도이다. 하지만 이러한 유용성에도 불구하고 중소기업들은 매출채권의 소유권 확인 및 이전 문제, 가입의 복잡성 등으로 현재 활용도가 저조한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 매출채권보험의 활성화를 위하여 프라이빗 블록체인(Private blockchain) 기반의 매출채권보험 플랫폼 구축을 제안하였다. 제안된 매출채권보험 플랫폼은 보험 가입의 편의성과 신뢰성 검증에 대한 기존 문제를 해결할 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 블록체인 기술을 기반으로 신속한 거래속도를 확보하고, 네트워크 확장의 용이성과 접근 관리를 통해 중소기업을 위한 매출채권보험 가입 활성화에 도움을 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a muscle function path analysis of muscle function on myofascial meridians. Method: Seven male students (mean age: $22{\pm}3.46years$; mean mass: $72.71{\pm}8.19kg$; mean height: $174{\pm}4.39cm$) without a history of musculoskeletal system symptoms or injuries were recruited for this study. The measurement muscle of the myofascial line was selected along with the muscle presented in "anatomy trains (Thomas W. Myers. 2014)", and the attachment of the surface EMG (Telemyo 2400T G2, USA) pad was determined according to "EMG analysis (Kim Tae Wan et al., 2013)". The subjects underwent maximum volumetric contraction of their fascia line end muscles three times in lying and standing postures and were subjected to the maximum number of contractions of the myofascial line muscle three times in the lying and standing postures. The sampling rate of the EMG signal was set to 1,000 Hz, and the bandwidth was 20 to 350 Hz. The activity of each muscle was quantitated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. Results: In myofascial meridians, a positive correlation in the myofascial connection and a negative correlation in the mechanical connection were observed. Conclusion: Muscles that show significant contract correlations with one another may be expected to be used as an effective clinical marker in muscle strengthening or relaxation therapy, and rehabilitative training. In this study, the correlation of total myofascial meridians may differ without consideration of functional posture. Future studies need to consider these points.