• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 1978

This paper presents general solutions for stochastic square duels with continuous interfiring times and various firing strategies such as standby (S), concentrated (C), seperated (I) and random (R) firings. Analysis of these square duels with negative exponential interfiring times and equivalent values of rates of fire and single shot kill probabilities reveal three important facts: i) Strategy (C) is advantageous against the opponent's strategy (S) and the advantage becomes more pronounced for lower values of single shot kill probabilities. ii) Strategy (I) is always better than strategy (C) no matter which of (C) and (I) the opponent uses and its relative advantege increases to a quarter as single shot kill probabilities increase to one but decreases to zero as they go to zero. iii) However, strategy (I) has no advantage over strategy (C) for small values of single shot kill probabilities. In this paper, square duels with strategies (C) and (I) are based on the assumptions that duelists are homogeneous and both duelists of one side fire simultaneously. The problem of relaxing these assumptions and extension of square ($2 \times 2$) duels to more general ($m \times n) duels are now being investigated.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2019

Background: The adductor canal block (ACB) is an effective intervention for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the ideal ACB regimen has not yet been established. We compared the analgesic effects between a continuous ACB group and fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with a single-shot ACB group. Methods: Patients who underwent TKA were randomly allocated to either a continuous ACB group (Group CACB) or IV-PCA with a single-shot ACB group (Group IVACB). Before the surgery, ultrasound guided ACB with 0.5% ropivacaine 20 cc was provided to all patients. Before skin incision, the infusion system (0.2% ropivacaine through an adductor canal catheter in group CACB vs. intravenous fentanyl in group IVACB) was connected. The postoperative pain severity; the side effects of local anesthetics and opioids; administration of rescue analgesics and anti-emetics; and sensorimotor deficits were measured. Results: Postoperative pain severity was significantly higher in the IVACB group at 30 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h after surgery. The averages and standard deviations (SD) of the NRS score of postoperative pain were $0.14{\pm}0.37$, $4.57{\pm}2.37$, $6.00{\pm}1.63$, and $4.28{\pm}1.49$, respectively in the IVACB group. Rescue analgesic requirements and quadriceps muscle strength were not statistically different between the groups throughout the postoperative period. Moreover, rescue antiemetic requirements were higher in group IVACB than group CACB. Conclusions: In this study, the continuous ACB provided superior analgesia and fewer side effects without any significant motor deficit than the IV-PCA with a single-shot ACB.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.731-739
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• 2006

Corrosion and lassitude are very important in the metal construction Currently, the shot peening is used much for removing the defect on the surface, improving the fatigue strength on surface. In this study. the influence of shot peening to the corrosion property were investigated in 3.5% NaCl, 10% HNO3 + 3% HF. 6% FeC13. The immersion test was performed on two kind of specimen(Removed corrosion product. RCP and Continuous immersed specimen: CIS). The immersion periods was 3600hours. Corrosion potential. weight loss, and fatigue crack growth characteristics were investigated. The result, shot peening in corrosion potential showed stable potential. Also, shot peening displayed small Weight loss than un peening. And Fatigue crack resistivity of shot peening in corrosion solution's fatigue crack appeared greatly than un peening.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집C
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• pp.59-63
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• 2001

A high-impulse, low-power, continuous-shot microthruster has been developed using low boiling temperature liquid-propellant with high viscous fluid-plug. The viscous friction force of the fluid-plug increases the blast pressure and the low boiling temperature liquid-propellant is intended to reduce input power consumption. The three-layer microthruster has been fabricated by surface micromachining as well as bulk micromachining in the size of $7{\times}13{\times}1.5mm^{3}$. A continuous output impulse bit of $6.4{\times}10^{-8}N{\cdot}sec$ has been obtained from the fabricated microthruster using perfluoro normal hexane (FC72) propellant and oil plug, resulting in about ten times increase of the impulse bit using one hundredth electrical input energy compared to the conventional continuous microthruster.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권7_8호
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• pp.727-743
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 축구 동영상에서 스포츠 중계방송의 구조적 특성을 이용하여 자동적으로 하이라이트(Highlight)를 추출하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 실험을 통하여 그 유용성을 증명한다. 일반적으로 스포츠 중계 방송에서는 중요한 이벤트(골, 반칙)가 발생하면, 그 장면을 다시 느린 속도의 리플레이(Replay) 화면으로 보여주고, 리플레이가 시작되고 끝날 때 Wipe와 같은 점진적인 화면 전환 기법을 사용하는 구조적 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 스포츠 중계방송의 구조적 특징을 이용하여 축구동 상의 중요한 이벤트만을 추출하여 하이라이트를 생성하는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 비디오의 슬라이스 이미지(Slice Image)를 이용하여 Wipe효과 장면과 줌인/아웃 장면을 검출하고, 검출된 Wipe 효과 지점을 기준으로 하여 리플레이 장면을 검출한다. 이때 이런 기본 알고리즘에 새로이 Sub-Sampling방법과 Two-Pass 방법을 더하여 보다 빠르고 정확한 Wipe검출을 하였고, 비디오의 모션 정보 및 Wipe지점의 시간간격을 이용하여 보다 정화한 리플레이 장면을 검출하였으며, 샷의 녹색영역 비율을 측정하여 보다 정화한 줌인/아웃 장면을 검출하였다. 이렇게 최종적으로 검출된 리플레이 장면과 줌인/아웃 장면을 토대로 이벤트 샷(Shot)과 선수 샷으로 구성된 하이라이트 장면을 추출하게 된다. 이러한 방법은 자동적으로 축구 중계방송을 요약해줌으로써 축구와 관련된 웹서비스나 방송용 하이라이트 제작에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1171-1181
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• 2018

Most simulated shooting systems are TDM based method and dot type laser has been used. The proposed laser pattern based simulated shooting system is a new approach. It can distinguish shooters by calculating the angle of bar shaped laser pattern by each shooter. Unlike the existing TDM method, it is possible to distinguish shooters and lanes by patterns so that there is no time division restriction like TDM method. It is also possible to recognize overlapped impact points of laser patterns launched by multiple shooters. After the laser pattern based simulated shooting system was implemented, general shot and overlapped shot were tested for each lane. Through experiments, we confirmed the possibility of continuous shooting. In addition, it is possible to separate the pattern by each lane, and 100% recognition result was obtained even if impact points overlapped.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.214-220
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• 1999

광자감쇠 분광신호에 실린 오차와 감쇠시간 편차와의 관계를 이론적으로 계산하였고 shot noise와 디지털오차에 의한 감쇠시간 편차로부터 측정 가능한 흡수율의 한계를 계산하였다. 광자감쇠 공동의 정렬과 관련된 오차와 공동 내부의 기체 압력에 따른 감쇠시간 변화 그리고 거울에서의 간섭에 의한 감쇠시간의 변화를 규명하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2004

비디오 요약의 첫 걸음은 샷(shot) 변환의 검출이다. 이러한 샷 변환은 점진적인 변환과 급진적인 변환이 있다. 지금까지 급진적인 샷 변환은 이미 주어진 한계치나 연속된 두 프레임의 이미지에 기반을 둔 거리를 이용하여 검출하였고 점진적 변환 또한 일반적으로 한계치를 이용하여 검출하였다. 그러나 한계치에 따라 그 결과가 확연히 달라지고 또한 그 한계치를 정하는 것도 어려운 문제이다. 이 논문에서는 이런 문제의 해결과 MPEG 압축 비디오 상에서 점진적 변화의 검출뿐만 아니라 분류를 해결하는 방법을 제시하였다. 논문에서는 한계치를 사용하지 않은 은닉 마르코프 모델과 MPEG의 근사 DC 값을 이용하여 보다 빠르고 정확한 결과를 얻도록 하였다. 그리고 히스토그램의 차이뿐만 아니라 매크로 블록 (macro block)의 차이라 불리는 새로운 척도를 도입하여 보다 정확한 값을 얻도록 하였다. 은닉 마르코프 모델은 샷, 페이드(fade), 디졸브(dissolve), 컷(cut) 등의 4개의 상태를 갖게 하고 학습은 Baum-Welch 알고리즘으로 필요한 변수들을 추정하였다. 그리고 특정 벡터에 Viterbi 알고리즘을 적용하여 원하는 상태를 얻을 수 있다. 대부분의 실험 결과를 보면 새로 제안한 척도를 사용한 방법이 히스토그램의 차만을 이용한 방법보다 더 좋은 결과를 나타내었으며 이산적 마르코프 모델보다 연속적 마르코프 모델이 좋은 결과를 보여준다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.933-943
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• 2021

Objective : Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation is a needle based procedure that requires fluoroscopic image guidance. Consequently, radiation exposure is inevitable for patients, surgeons, and operation room staff. We hypothesize that reducing the production of radiation emission will result in reduced radiation exposure for everyone in the operation room. Research was performed to evaluate reduction of radiation exposure by modifying imaging manner and mode of radiation source. Methods : A total of 170 patients (680 screws) who underwent fusion surgery with PPS fixation from September 2019 to March 2020 were analyzed in this study. Personal dosimeters (Polimaster Ltd.) were worn at the collar outside a lead apron to measure radiation exposure. Patients were assigned to four groups based on imaging manner of fluoroscopy and radiation modification (pulse mode with reduced dose) : continuous use without radiation modification (group 1, n=34), intermittent use without radiation modification (group 2, n=54), continuous use with radiation modification (group 3, n=26), and intermittent use with radiation modification (group 4, n=56). Post hoc Tukey Honest significant difference test was used for individual comparisons of radiation exposure/screw and fluoroscopic time/screw. Results : The average radiation exposure/screw was 71.45±45.75 µSv/screw for group 1, 18.77±11.51 µSv/screw for group 2, 19.58±7.00 µSv/screw for group 3, and 4.26±2.89 µSv/screw for group 4. By changing imaging manner from continuous multiple shot to intermittent single shot, 73.7% radiation reduction was achieved in the no radiation modification groups (groups 1, 2), and 78.2% radiation reduction was achieved in the radiation modification groups (groups 3, 4). Radiation source modification from continuous mode with standard dose to pulse mode with reduced dose resulted in 72.6% radiation reduction in continuous imaging groups (groups 1, 3) and 77.3% radiation reduction in intermittent imaging groups (groups 2, 4). The average radiation exposure/screw was reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from continuous imaging with standard fluoroscopy setting (group 1) to intermittent imaging with modified fluoroscopy setting (group 4). A total of 680 screws were reviewed postoperatively, and 99.3% (675) were evaluated as pedicle breach grade 0 (<2 mm). Conclusion : The average radiation exposure/screw for a spinal surgeon can be reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from real-time imaging with standard dose to intermittent imaging with modified dose. These modifications can be instantly applied to any procedure using fluoroscopic guidance and may reduce the overall radiation exposure of spine surgeons.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 오디오 정보 분석을 이용하여 골프 통영상을 자동 색인하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘에서는 입력되는 골프 동영상을 비디오 신호와 오디오 신호로 분리한 후에, 연속적인 오디오 스트림을 Adaboost Cascade 분류방식을 통하여 스튜디오 환경에서의 아나운서의 음성구간, 선수이름이 TV 화면에 소개 될 때 수반되는 음악구간, 선수들의 플레이에 따라 반응하는 관중들의 박수 및 환호성 소리구간, 필드에서의 레포터의 음성구간, 바다나 바람 등의 필드환경 잡음 사운드구간 등의 5가지 구간으로 분류한다. 그리고 드라이브 샷, 아이런 샷과 퍼팅 샷 시에 발생하는 스윙 사운드는 onset 검출과 변조스펙트럼 검증 방법을 통해 검출되며, 관객의 박수 소리 구간과 결합하여 액션 및 하이라이트를 효율적으로 색인할 수 있게 한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 오디오 신호의 간단한 연산을 통해 의미를 지니고 있는 기본구조들을 검출하기 때문에 골프 동영상에서 사용자가 원하는 부분을 빠르게 브라우징하는 임베이디드 시스템에 적용가능하다.