• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.308-311
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• 1995

The incidence of contamination of epidural catheters used for pain control was investigated. To prevent epidural infection, all patients with epidural catheters had taken amoxacillin 1.5gm/day orally. Of the cultures of catheters catched from 303 patients undergoing continuous epidrual catheterization, 5 catheters (1.7%) were found to be contaminated; cervical 1/86 (1.2%), thoracic 1/27 (3.7%), and lumbar 3/190 (1.6%). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common etiologic agent (60%). To prevent epidural infection, sterilization of the skin around the epidural catheter and prophylactic use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are thought to be beneficial.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.97-100
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• 2009

Patchwork is a handicraft to put some certain shapes of small cloths together. Historical records of patchwork was discovered in Ancient Egypt as far back as BC 1000. Patchwork has been popular in the England and in around 13-$14^{th}$ century, European spliced little pieces of cloths for cold necessities, which made the handle of patchwork techniques gradually tend to decorative other than utility. Patchwork designs and techniques were taken across the Atlantic to North America with the early settlers in the mid-eighteenth century. In the early years of $20^{th}$ century, owing to the continuous technological advances, woman got more job opportunities that made patchwork technologies withered. Patchwork art continually evolved on the basis of historical and cultural factors to new styles, the famous Hawaiian, Stained Glass, Mola, Celtic, Victoria, Seminole and many other patchwork styles like that perfect embodied different art and cultures of different nations in different times.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 1993

Efficient plant regeneration system was established through the culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.) microspores. Microspores released by anther shedding culture developed into proembryos and calluses in B5 medium within two weeks of culture. The optimal hormone and carbon sources were dependent on the genotypes used. Microspore's viability decreased rapidly in culture time, therefore less than 3% of the total microspores were viable at the 9th day when the first microspore division was observed. Of two types of microspores (pollen dimorphism) observed in culture, only the P-grain, larger microspores than normal one was able to divide. Using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence staining, it was confirmed that the symmetrical division of uninucleate microspore was the first step leading to continuous microspore development. Microspore-derived proembryos and calluses were regenerated to plants in N6 medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 5 mg/L kinetin, and 78.3% of the regenerated plants were haploids.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.396-406
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• 2018

A newly isolated white rot fungal strain KU-RNW027 was identified as Trametes polyzona, based on an analysis of its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic data. Aeration and fungal morphology were important factors which drove strain KU-RNW027 to secrete two different ligninolytic enzymes as manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase. Highest activities of MnP and laccase were obtained in a continuous shaking culture at 8 and 47 times higher, respectively, than under static conditions. Strain KU-RNW027 existed as pellets and free form mycelial clumps in submerged cultivation with the pellet form producing more enzymes. Fungal biomass increased with increasing amounts of pellet inoculum while pellet diameter decreased. Strain KU-RNW027 formed terminal chlamydospore-like structures in cultures inoculated with 0.05 g/L as optimal pellet inoculum which resulted in highest enzyme production. Enzyme production efficiency of T. polyzona KU-RNW027 depended on fungal pellet morphology as size, porosity, and formation of chlamydospore-like structures.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2000

Relationship between monoclonal antibody (MAb) productivity and growth rate, and effects of high cell density on MAb production rate increased with increasing specifis growth rate in both suspended and immobilized continuous cultures indicate a positively growth-associated relationship between MAb productivity and growth rate. moreover, the specific production rate was higher in the immobilized cell culture than that in suspended one at all dilution rates. In order to clarify these phenomana, MAb mPNA experession and cell cycle distribution were investigated in bacth cultures with immobilized cells and suspended cells. RT-PCR was used for observation of MAb mRNA expression and a two-color bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry method for determination of cell cycle distribution. The results revealed that MAb nRNA expression until dead phase, which was longer than in suspended cell. The cell cycle distribution patterns were observed almost the same for both immobilized and suspended cells. Such results may imply that a high cell density state has positive influence on the mRNA expression and on growth-associated Mab productivity of T0405 cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1992

The influence of various levels of major medium components such as sucrose, nitrate, phosphate, plant growth regulators, and light intensity for cell growth and the production of anthocyanin content in cell cultures of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa were investigated. Best results for anthocyanin yield were obtained using Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 5% sucrose, 12.5% nitrate, 200% phosphate, 1.0mg/l indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), 1.0mg/l benaylaminopurine(BAP), and continuous illumination of 7,000 lux. On the other hand, maximum cell growth was achieved with 5% sucrose, 50% nitrate above 400% phosphate compare with that of MS basal mediumi, and 0.5mg/l 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D). Anthocyanin accumulation in a suspension cultured cells of given genotype was stimulated by subculturing onto the medium lacking 2, 4-D. Pigmented cell clusters were extracted with methanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and then anthocyanin was identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and U. V. spectrophotometer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 grew in chromium (Cr) containing Chu-10 (basal) and nitrate-supplemented media, and the growth of the organism in $100{\mu}M$ chromium was found to be 50% of that in control medium. The growth in nitrate $({NO_3}^-)$ supplemented cultures was better as compared to cultures grown in basal medium. Free cells from basal and nitrate-supplemented media removed 5.2 and 7.4 nmol of chromium $mg^{-1}$protein in 8 h, respectively, from the medium containing $30{\mu}M$ chromium. The efficiency of chromium removal increased 7-fold in imidazole buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.0). A cell density equivalent to $100{\mu}g$ protein $ml^{-1}$ was found to be optimum for maximum Cr removal. Entrapment of cells in calcium-alginate beads did not affect the rate of Cr uptake by the cells. The efficiency of the laboratory-scale continuous flow bioreactor $(12.5{\times}2cm)$ loaded with alginate-immobilized cells (10 mg protein) and fed with $30{\mu}M$ chromium solution was compared at different flow rates. The efficiency of the bioreactor varied with flow rates. In terms of percent removal of Cr from influent, a flow rate of 0.1 ml $min^{-1}$ was found to be optimum for 6 h (54% Cr removal efficiency). Maximum amount of Cr (883 nmol) was removed by the cells in 3 h at a flow rate of 0.5 ml $min^{-1}$. The potential use of A. variabilis in removing Cr from industrial effluents is discussed.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

Using a cellulose macroporous microcarrier, HeLa cells were cultivated in 100mL spinner flask(Bellco Co., USA) and confluent cell laden microcarriers were subcultured by bead-to-bead cell transfer method. In macroporous mcirocarrier-HeLa system viable suspended cells played an important role in bead-to-bead cell transfer and that could be increased by use of RPMI-1640, a calcium-ion-reduced-media and high speed agitation. Successful bead-to-bead cell transfers were performed continuously three time in spinner flask. We applied this technique to produce recombinant Vaccinia virus which express $\beta$-galactosidase. Recombinant protein yield of bead-to-bead transferred culture was comparable to conventional microcarrier cultures that were inoculated by cells detached from T-flask. Although trypsinization is a useful method for subculturing microcarriers in some cases, that process adds quality control problem and handling steps to large scale cell production. There fore, bead-to-bead cell transfer technique offers another convenient and efficient scale-up method for continuous microcarrier cultures.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1995

Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on anthocyanin synthesis in cell suspension cultures of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated. tow concentrations (0.1 to 1$\mu$M) of SA did not affect the cell growth and anthocyanin accumulation whereas high concentrations (5 to 10$\mu$M ) of SA inhibited cell growth with increasement of anthocyanin synthesis. Five micromoles of SA promoted anthocyanin accumulation 4 folds compared to control cells. When SA was treated on the different culture times (0 to 7day), the highest pigment accumulation was obtained at the cells of second day. A low productivity of anthocyanin under continuous dark incubation was also recovered by adding SA which mimicked light irradiation effect These results suggest that SA is one of essential agents in anthocyanin biosynthesis.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.14-24
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• 2002

The effect of reclaimed water irrigation on paddy rice culture was evaluated by pilot study at the experimental field of Konkuk University in Seoul, Korea. The sewage was treated by constructed wetland system, and its effluent was used as irrigation water for four treatments and one control plots with three replications. Irrigation of reclaimed water onto paddy rice cultures did not adversely affect the growth and yield of rice. Instead, experimental rice plots of reclaimed water irrigation displayed about 10 to 50% more yield on average than controls. This implies that reclaimed water irrigation might be beneficial rather than harmful to rice culture as long as the sewage is treated adequately and used properly. The amount of irrigation water had little effect on experimental rice cultures, but its strength was important. The strength of treated sewage was not a limiting factor in this study, and no lodging was observed even with a relatively high nitrogen concentration (up to 160mg/L). In general the paddy soil was not affected by reclaimed water irrigation. However, there was an indication that continuous irrigation with high strength of reclaimed water might cause salt accumulation in the soil. Supplemental use of reclaimed water with existing sources of irrigation water is recommended rather than irrigation with a single source of reclaimed water. Overall, the results demonstrated that reclaimed water could be reused as a supplemental source of irrigation water for paddy rice culture without causing adverse effects as long as it is properly managed. For full-scale application, further investigation should be done on environmental risks, tolerable water quality, and fraction of supplemental irrigation.