• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.77-89
• /
• 2018

Speech articulators are coordinated for the purpose of segmental constriction in terms of a task. In particular, vertical jaw movements repeatedly contribute to consonantal as well as vocalic constriction. The current study explores vertical jaw movements in conjunction with bilabial constriction in bilabial stop /p/ in the context /a/-to-/a/. Revisiting kinematic data of /p/ collected using the electromagenetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) method from seven (four female and three male) speakers of Seoul Korean, we examined maximum vertical jaw position, its relative timing with respect to the upper and lower lips, and lip aperture minima. The results of those dependent variables are recapitulated in terms of linguistic (different word boundaries) and paralinguistic (different speech rates) factors as follows. Firstly, maximum jaw height was lower in the across-word boundary condition (across-word < within-word), but it did not differ as a function of different speech rates (comfortable = fast). Secondly, more reduction in the lip aperture (LA) gesture occurred in fast rate, while word-boundary effects were absent. Thirdly, jaw raising was still in progress after the lips' positional extrema were achieved in the within-word condition, while the former was completed before the latter in the across-word condition. Lastly, relative temporal lags between the jaw and the lips (UL and LL) were more synchronous in fast rate, compared to comfortable rate. When these results are considered together, it is possible to posit that speakers are not tolerant of lenition to the extent that it is potentially realized as a labial approximant in either word-boundary condition while jaw height still manifested lower jaw position in the across-word boundary condition. Early termination of vertical jaw maxima before vertical lower lip maxima across-word condition may be partly responsible for the spatial reduction of jaw raising movements. This may come about as a consequence of an excessive number of factors (e.g., upper lip height (UH), lower lip height (LH), jaw angle (JA)) for the representation of a vector with two degrees of freedom (x, y) engaged in a gesture-based task (e.g., lip aperture (LA)). In the task-dynamic application toolkit, the jaw angle parameter can be assigned numerical values for greater weight in the across-word boundary condition, which in turn gives rise to lower jaw position. Speech rate-dependent spatial reduction in lip aperture may be able to be resolved by means of manipulating activation time of an active tract variable in the gestural score level.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.263-269
• /
• 2002

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is among the most frequently mutated and studied genes in human cancer, but the mechanisms by which it sur presses tumor formation remain unclear. DNA damage regulates both the protein levels of p53 and its affinity for specific DNA sequences. Stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage is caused by its dissociation from Mdm2, a downstream target gene of p53 and a protein that targets p53 for degradation in the proteosome. Recent studies have suggested that phosphorylation of human p53 at Ser20 is important for stabilizing p53 in response to DNA damage through disruption of the interaction between Mdm2 and p53. We generated mice with an allele encoding changes at Ser20, known to be essential for p53 accumulation following DNA damage, to enable analyses of p53 stabilization in vivo. Our data showed that the mutant p53 was clearly defective for full stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage. We concluded that Ser20 phosphorylation is critical for modulating the negative regulation of p53 by Mdm2, probably through phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of p53-Mdm2 interaction in the physiological context.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.386-391
• /
• 2008

Some spoken word errors that violate grammatical or writing rules occurs frequently in communication environments like mobile phone and messenger. These unexpected errors cause a problem in a language processing system for many applications like speech recognition, text-to-speech translation, and so on. In this paper, we proposed and implemented an automatic correction system of ill-formed words and word spacing errors in SMS sentences that has been the major errors of poor accuracy. We experimented three methods of constructing the word correction dictionary and evaluated the results of those methods. They are (1) manual construction of error words from the vocabulary list of ill-formed communication languages, (2) automatic construction of error dictionary from the manually constructed corpus, and (3) context-dependent method of automatic construction of error dictionary.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2012

Unlike traditional cognitive theory, situated cognition theory has been understood as a pedagogical theory that highly reflects the constructivist nature of learning. In order to practice situated learning in school, situations in the classroom are very important in which real teaching and learning occurs. Due to the fact that learning is the process of mental activities which is considerably dependent on conditions and context, it focuses more on the learning process and real-situation experiences rather than the result itself. In mathematics education, teaching students the ability to solve given problems in a conventional way is not enough anymore. The purpose of this research is to suggest the direction of mathematical education in the classroom by analyzing the implications of situated cognition theory and situated learning for 'doing mathematics' in classroom teaching. In this research, we introduce briefly about situated cognition theory and situated learning, compare the phenomenon of mathematics in the classroom to that in the mathematician's mind, and finally propose the applications of situated cognition theory in the mathematics education based on three perspectives of situated cognition theory the embodiment thesis, the embedding thesis, and the extension thesis.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 2016

Identifying Hoxc8 target genes is at the crux of understanding the Hoxc8-mediated regulatory networks underlying its roles during development. However, identification of these genes remains difficult due to intrinsic factors of Hoxc8, such as low DNA binding specificity, context-dependent regulation, and unknown cofactors. Therefore, as an alternative, the present study attempted to test whether the roles of Hoxc8 could be inferred by simply analyzing genes frequently coexpressed with Hoxc8, and whether these genes include putative target genes. Using archived gene expression datasets in which Hoxc8 was differentially expressed, we identified a total of 567 genes that were positively coexpressed with Hoxc8 in at least four out of eight datasets. Among these, 23 genes were coexpressed in six datasets. Gene sets associated with extracellular matrix and cell adhesion were most significantly enriched, followed by gene sets for skeletal system development, morphogenesis, cell motility, and transcriptional regulation. In particular, transcriptional regulators, including paralogs of Hoxc8, known Hox co-factors, and transcriptional remodeling factors were enriched. We randomly selected Adam19, Ptpn13, Prkd1, Tgfbi, and Aldh1a3, and validated their coexpression in mouse embryonic tissues and cell lines following $TGF-{\beta}2$ treatment or ectopic Hoxc8 expression. Except for Aldh1a3, all genes showed concordant expression with that of Hoxc8, suggesting that the coexpressed genes might include direct or indirect target genes. Collectively, we suggest that the coexpressed genes provide a resource for constructing Hoxc8-mediated regulatory networks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2012

The LPG engine technology in Korea has made significant advances with the mass production of LPG vehicle with liquid phase LPG injection system, and have reached to satisfy the SULEV emission regulations. As of now, domestic production of LPG fuelled vehicles in Korea have reached more than 2.4 millions, which is the best in the world. But in the technical point of view, the key technologies for fuel injection system of LPG fuelled engine are mainly dependent on foreign license. Especially, fuel injector in the liquid phase LPG injection system has been imported from C company, which supplies LPG injector worldwide in the name of model D. In the context, it is quite urgent to develop the LPG injector technology in Korea. In this study, WCC coating which is key technology to develop LPG injector by reducing the fuel leakage was developed and tested. Considering the fuel leakage of 0.06cc/min in commercial LPG injector, fuel leakage was reduced down to 0.04cc/min with WCC coating technology and optimization of injector structure.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.12
• /
• pp.627-633
• /
• 2020

The study attempts to analyze the impact of firm's risk on capital structure in the context of seasonal and non-seasonal businesses. We use two independent variables namely credit risk and systematic risk and one dependent variable to explore this connection. Sugar sector is taken as seasonal while the textile sector as non-seasonal businesses. The panel data of twenty-five firms from each sector are taken ranging for the period of 2012 to 2019 which has been retrieved from their annual reports for empirical analysis of the study. The results reveal the negative impact of credit risk on capital structure in both types of businesses. Increasing (decreasing) one point of credit risk causes a decrease (increase) leverage ratio by 0.27 points for seasonal while increasing (decreasing) one point of credit risk causes to decrease (increase) leverage by 0.15 points for non-seasonal businesses. Furthermore, the study shows positive impact of systematic risk on leverage ratio in non-seasonal business and no impact in seasonal business. Any increase (decrease) in the systematic risk causes an incline (decline) leverage ratio by 2.68 units for non-seasonal businesses. The study provides a guideline to managers for risk management in businesses. The research focusses on theoretical as well as managerial and policy implications on risk management in businesses.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.237-245
• /
• 2016

Objective: This study aims to introduce the bridge resource management (BRM) training courses implemented in Korea and to analyze their effectiveness in several views. Background: BRM training will be a mandatory course for crew members of ships from 2017. At this stage, it is needed to check if the BRM training courses implemented until now was effective to the Korean maritime safety and to investigate if there are more effective training methods. Method: The effectiveness of BRM training intervention in Korea was compared with that of the other countries, using Kirkpatrick's (1976) training evaluation framework. Kim (2012)'s data on the BRM training effectiveness were re-analyzed in order to check if the effects of BRM training are dependent on the bridge work experience. Results: Many BRM training courses has been opened in Korea. However, the methods to assess BRM training effects used in Korea focused on the survey of subjective satisfaction level, not investigating trainees' attitude and behavior change. On the other hand, the effectiveness of BRM training was higher to the bridge officers with long work experience than with shorter work experience. Conclusion: The contents of BRM training should be changed to effectively apply to the context of the real-world exercise and be differentiated depending on the work experience. Research on the methods to measure the BRM training effectiveness is also more required. Application: The results of this study will aid to develop the BRM training courses for bridge officers of ships in the BRM training institutions.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.548-561
• /
• 2015

By combining conventional single cell analysis with flow cytometry and public database searches with bioinformatics tools, we extended the expression profiling of thymic stromal cotransporter (TSCOT), Slc46A2/Ly110, that was shown to be expressed in bipotent precursor and cortical thymic epithelial cells. Genome scale analysis verified TSCOT expression in thymic tissue- and cell type- specific fashion and is also expressed in some other epithelial tissues including skin and lung. Coexpression profiling with genes, Foxn1 and Hoxa3, revealed the role of TSCOT during the organogenesis. TSCOT expression was detected in all thymic epithelial cells (TECs), but not in the $CD31^+$endothelial cell lineage in fetal thymus. In addition, ABC transporter-dependent side population and Sca-$1^+$ fetal TEC populations both contain TSCOT-expressing cells, indicating TEC stem cells express TSCOT. TSCOT expression was identified as early as in differentiating embryonic stem cells. TSCOT expression is not under the control of Foxn1 since TSCOT is present in the thymic rudiment of nude mice. By searching variations in the expression levels, TSCOT is positively associated with Grhl3 and Irf6. Cytokines such as IL1b, IL22 and IL24 are the potential regulators of the TSCOT expression. Surprisingly, we found TSCOT expression in the lung is diminished in lung cancers, suggesting TSCOT may be involved in the suppression of lung tumor development. Based on these results, a model for TEC differentiation from the stem cells was proposed in context of multiple epithelial organ formation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2003

The successful use of osseointegrated implants to replace missing teeth has been demonstrated for both the completely and the partially edentulous patients. Many studies have confirmed an excellent long-term prognosis. The successful outcome of any implant procedure is surely dependent on the interrelationship of the various components that includes the following: biocompatibility of the implant material, macroscopic and microscopic nature of the implant surface, the status of the implant bed in both a health(noninfected) and a morphologic(bone quality) context, the surgical technique, the undisturbed healing phase, the subsequent prosthetic design, and long-term loading phase. Periodontally compromised patients have poor status of the implant bed and periodontal pathogen. No longitudinal data are available whether these factors affect the prognosis of implants. In this study, 102 machined $Br{{\aa}}nemark$ implants are inserted to analyze the success rate of 1-4 years and marginal bone loss in 49 chronic periodontitis patients. The following conclusions could be drawn from this study. 1. The cumulative success rate of implants at the 4-year of loading was 95.10%. 2. 5 failed implants have been removed. One implant have been removed due to infection, two implants were removed due to failure of osseointegration. and other two implants were removed due to mechanical failure caused by over-loading. 3. Mean marginal bone loss from the time of loading was 0.94mm at first year, 1.12mm at second year, 1.25mm at third year. These results suggest that implant therapy is good treatment modality in chronic periodontitis patients, and periodontal treatment including oral hygiene program is completed prior to insertion of implants.