• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 2016

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 D시 내의 바이오매스와 폐플라스틱을 적정 비율로 혼합하여 고형연료제품(SRF) 품질기준을 만족하는지 분석하기로 하였다. 수분함량의 경우 바이오매스 구성비가 약 40% 이하일 때부터 9.81% 이하로 분석되었다. 회분함량의 경우 최대 4.19%로 분석되었고, 원소분석 추정식(Steuer, Dulong) 및 발열량계에 근거한 저위발열량은 최소 4,851, 4,181 및 3,847kcal/kg로 나타났다. 원소분석 결과 황(S)과 염소(Cl)는 0.05% 이하로 측정되었고 중금속(Hg, Cd, Pb, As) 함량 또한 기준치 이하를 나타냄으로써 SRF 품질기준치를 만족하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 현재 적절하게 활용되지 못하고 산림에 버려져 있는 임목부산물을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 수분에 약한 목재의 물리적 특성을 플라스틱으로 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 플라스틱 소각 시 고온으로 인한 소각로의 수명문제도 비교적 완화시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.1176-1181
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• 2012

본 연구는 초고압 처리가 발효 중인 막걸리의 이화학적 및 미생물적 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 실시하였다. 초고압은 막걸리 숙성 0일째부터 2일 간격으로 총 6일까지의 시료에 대하여 400 MPa 압력으로 5분간 실시하였다. 그 결과, 초고압 처리로 젖산균은 5~6 log 수준으로 감소하였으며 이후 일정기간이 경과한 후에 다시 약 3~6 log cfu/mL 수준으로 출현하였다. 효모도 마찬가지로 5~6 log 수준으로 검출한계 이내로 감소하였지만 숙성완료 시점까지 다시 출현하지는 않았다. 초고압을 처리한 막걸리는 알코올 생성이 정지되는 것으로 나타났으며 특히 0일차와 2일차에 처리한 시료는 알코올이 거의 생성되지 않았다. 초고압 처리는 젖산균을 사멸시켜 pH와 적정산도에 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 2일차 초고압 처리 막걸리는 젖산균이 사멸되어 pH가 저하되지 않았으며 또한 적정산도도 낮게 나타났다. 환원당 함량의 경우 0일차 처리구는 효모에 의한 알코올 전환이 일어나지 않아 계속적으로 환원당이 증가하여 6일째 8.99%에 달하였으며 2일차 처리구는 효모가 살균되어 환원당이 알코올로 효율적으로 전환되지 못하여 5.01%를 나타내었다. 초고압을 처리하지 않은 처리구는 1.53%를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 발효과정 중 막걸리에 대한 초고압 처리는 발효 미생물의 변화를 유발하여 이화학적 특성 및 미생물적 특성에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었으며 최종적으로 막걸리 품질에도 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이라고 생각되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1773-1780
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• 2018

Objective: This study was to evaluate effects of mixed plant oils (identified as mixed oil 1 [MO1] and mixed oil 2 [MO2]) on performance, serum composition, viscera percentages, meat quality, and fatty acid deposition of broilers. Methods: A total of 126 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks (weighing $44.91{\pm}0.92g$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment (6 broilers per pen). Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 3% soybean oil (CTR), basal diet with 3% MO1 (a mixture of 15% corn oil, 10% coconut oil, 15% linseed oil, 20% palm oil, 15% peanut oil and 25% soybean oil; MO1), or basal diet with 3% MO2 (a combination of 50% MO1 and 50% extruded corn; MO2). The trial consisted of phase 1 (d 1 to 21) and phase 2 (d 22 to 42). Results: Compared to CTR, broilers fed MO (MO1 or MO2) had greater (p<0.05) average daily gain in phase 1, 2, and overall (d 1 to 42), redness in thigh muscle, concentrations of serum glucose, serum albumin, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio in breast muscle, while these broilers also showed lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) drip loss and concentrations of C18:3n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratio in breast muscle. Broilers fed MO2 had higher (p<0.05) liver percentage, while broilers fed MO1 had lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) feed conversion ratio in phase 1 and increased (p<0.05) contents of C18:2n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 PUFA in breast muscle compared to CTR. Conclusion: Mixed plant oils had positive effects on performance, serum parameters, meat quality, liver percentage and fatty acid deposition in broilers, which indicates they can be used as better dietary energy feedstocks than soybean oil alone.

• 폴리머
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2004

유화 중합에 의해 제조된 폴리(비닐 아세테이트)는 수지를 가소화 시키는데 도움이 되는 낮은 유리전이 온도를 가지고 있어 페인트의 바인더, 나무나 종이의 접착제 등에 광범위하게 사용된다. 유화 중합의 유화제는 이온개시제가 고분자 생산품의 특성을 저하시키는 성질 때문에 비닐 아세테이트와 부틸 아크릴레이트를 KPS(potasium persulfate)를 촉매로 하고 고분자 특성을 예방하는 보호 콜로이드로서 폴리(비닐 알코올)를 사용하여 합성되었다. 공중합 라텍스 생산품은 내부적으로 가소화 되었고, 콜로이드 안정성 접착성 인장강도와 신율이 강화되었다. 비닐 아세테이트와 부틸 아크릴레이트가 유화 중합 동안 0.7 wt%의 KPS와 15 wt%의 폴리(비닐 알코올) 그리고 비닐 아세테이트와 부틸 아크릴레이트의 중량 비율이 19일 때 응집물이 없고 높은 전환율을 보인다. 골리(비닐 알코올) 농도의 증가 때문에 공중합은 더욱 빨라지고 폴리머 입자는 더 안정해진다. 또 비닐 아세테이트와 부틸 아크릴레이트 공중합체의 기계적 안정성을 강화시킨다. 하지만 고분자 입자의 크기는 폴리(비닐 알코올)가 증가함에 따라 감소한다. 최소 필름 형성온도, 유리 전이 온도, 표면 형태, 분자량. 분자량 분포도, 인장강도, 신율과 같은 비닐 아세테이트와 부틸 아크릴레이트 공중합체의 물성은 시차주사 열량계, 투과 전자 현미경 등의 분석기기를 사용하여 측정되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2007

합성가스 연소 매체순환식 가스연소기 적용을 위한 최적 산소공여입자를 선정하기 위해 네 가지 산소공여입자(NiO/bentonite, $NiO/LaAl_{11}O_{18}$, $Co_xO_y/CoAl_2O_4$, $NiO/NiAl_2O_4$)에 대해 환원반응기체로 모사 합성가스($H_2,\;CO2$, CO 각각 30, 10, 60%)를 사용하여 열중량 분석기(TGA)에서 환원반응특성 및 탄소침적특성을 측정 및 해석하였다. 환원반응온도가 증가함에 따라 최대전환율, 산소전달능력이 증가하였고 산소전달속도 측면에서 $900^{\circ}C$가 합성가스 연소반응에 적합한 조건으로 나타났으며 높은 환원반응온도(${\geq}800^{\circ}C$)에서는 네 가지 입자 모두에 대해 탄소침적현상이 나타나지 않았다. 네 가지 산소공여입자 중 NiO 계 산소공여입자가 CoO 계 산소공여입자에 비해 반응성이 높게 나타났으며 NiO/bentonite 입자가 산소전달속도, 탄소침적도 면에서 가장 좋은 반응성을 나타내었다. NiO/bentonite 입자에 포함된 금속산화물의 함량이 증가함에 따라 산소전달능력과 산소전달속도가 증가하는 것으로 나타나 금속산화물의 함량이 높은 산소공여입자가 매체순환식 가스연소기의 안정적인 조업에 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted. In expt. 1, a total of fifty-four pigs (L$\times$Y$\times$D, 56.14$\pm$1.7 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of a commercial-type diet without food waste (FW). Treatments were dry (Control), wet (WF) and wet+dry feeding (WDF). For wet feeding, the diet was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2.5 (feed:water). A wet feed was given during the whole experimental period for the WF group, but the dry feed was given during the finisher period for the WDF group. In expt. 2, a total of fifty-four pigs(L$\times$Y$\times$D, 55.7$\pm$1.8 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of FW. Treatments were a commercial-type dry (Control), wet fermented food waste (WFFW) and WFFW+dry feeding (WFFW+DF). For wet feeding of fermented food waste, however, some ingredients (concentrate) were added to make nutrient contents comparable to the control diet. The FW collected was ground ($\leq$5 mm), heated with a steam jacket (140$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$) and fermented with probiotics for one day in a steel container at 30-40$^{\circ}C$. For the WFFW group, the wet feed was given during the whole experimental period, but a dry feed was given during finisher period for the WFFW+DF group. In expt. 1, during the grower period, pigs fed wet feed showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed only dry feed (p<0.05). During the finisher period, pigs in the WDF group showed better ADG and FCR than the control group. During the entire experimental period, pigs in the WDF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control group, and the same trend was found in FCR. Also, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, lean %, and pork color were not affected by the wet feeding of diets in this study. In expt. 2, during the grower period, pigs fed diets containing FW showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed the control diet. But FCR was better (p<0.05) in pigs fed FW than in the control group. During the finisher period, pigs in the WFFW+DF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control and WFFW groups. During the entire experimental period, pigs fed the control diet showed better ADG (p<0.05) than those fed FW, but feed intake and FCR were vice versa. Dressing percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the WFFW than in the control group, but backfat was thinner in the WFFW group than in the control group. In summary, it can be concluded that wet feeding of formula feed can improve daily gain, however, feeding fermented wet food waste may reduce daily gain of finishing pigs, even though it was fermented and the nutrient was fortified with concentrates. In addition, dry feeding of a formula feed during the finishing period can improve daily gain in pigs fed a wet feed with or without food waste during the grower period.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation and palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion (5%) on laying performance, egg quality and nutrient utilizability of laying hens with 73 weeks of age. A total of 240 Lohmann brown laying hens with average 77.5% egg production were randomly allocated with 60 hens per treatment, 4 replicates per treatment and 15 hens per replicate. Experimental design was a completely randomized design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, with the factors being (1) two levels of PKM (0 vs. 5%) and (2) with or without dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase (480 IU/kg of diet CTCzyme$^{(R)}$) supplementation. All hens were housed in cages ($35cmW{\times}35cmD{\times}40cmH$) with 2 hens per cage for six weeks feeding trial. Laying performance was recorded daily during feeding trial. Egg quality, nutrients utilizability and blood assays were done at the end of feeding trial. Egg production was improved (P<0.05) by both dietary PKM inclusion and ${\beta}$-mannanase combined supplementation. Either ${\beta}$-mannanase or PKM did not affect feed intakes and feed conversion ratio of all diets. Egg weight of hens fed diet containing 5% of PKM had heavier (P<0.05) eggs compared with hens fed without PKM. Albumen height was improved (P<0.05) by dietary mannanase supplementation. Crude fat utilization of 5% PKM diet was higher than that of no PKM diet regardless of ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation. Both DM and total carbohydrate utilization were decreased (P<0.05) in hens fed 5% PKM diet. Serum IgG and yolk IgY contents of PKM groups were lower (P<0.05) than those of no PKM groups. This result showed that 5% PKM diet, independent of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation, was able to improve egg production. In addition, dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation could be used for improving the albumen height of eggs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one dat old male broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrd 1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro 2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen 1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avehen 2(LVH) at the level of $10^{4}$ and 10(sup)7cfu/g diet. There were four replicates with thirty chicks per pen. Diets contained ME 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain of checks fed Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter(DM) digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was tended to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments. It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various lactobacillus was significantly higher in ileum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and ileum from three weeks old chicks(P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lantobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum. Moisture contents of birds fed Lactobacillus spp. was shown from 27 to 30% at five weeks old, whereas it was 38.2% in control. It decreased approximately 25% in Lactobacillus treatments relative to that of control and showed significance between them(P〈0.05). Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission was significantly decreased in Lactobacillus treatments and maintained $\frac{1}{3}$to $\frac{1}{2}$ of control(P〈0.05). LCH and LVH treatments were most effective to decrease fecal $NH_{3}$ gas and especiallt impreved ti significantly at the level of the level of 10(sup)7cfu/g diets covpared to that of $10^{4}$ cfu/g diets and control(P〈0.05). In conclusion, feeding Lactobacillus spp. increase performance and nutrients digestibilities of broiler chicks and improve environments of house. Proper supplemental level of Lactobacillus spp. is considered more than $10^{4}$ cfu/g diet.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권5_3호
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• pp.763-771
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• 2017

본 사설은 대한원격탐사학회지의 환경공간정보 이해와 활용 특별호 발간의 배경과 목적 그리고 발간 논문의 의의 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 환경정보는 환경과 관련된 정보(문헌, 통계 및 이미지 등)를 포괄적으로 의미한다. 이러한 환경정보가 지역적으로 발생하는 환경의 변화나 이슈로써 공간적인 형태로 발전하여 환경공간정보로 정의된다. 원격탐사자료는 광역 국지적인 환경에 대한 정보를 포함하여 환경공간정보에 대한 직 간접적인 자료로 매우 높은 활용성을 지니고 있으며, 몇 가지 개선을 통하여 환경분야에 국한되지 않고 보다 다양한 활용이 가능할 것이다. 이를 위하여 첫째, 환경공간정보 구축 기반기술의 정밀화 및 과학화하여 활용을 증대할 수 있다. 둘째, 기존의 환경공간정보의 개념과 내용을 확대함으로써 활용분야를 넓힐 수 있다. 셋째, 기존 환경공간정보의 활용을 지속적으로 증가시키는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 환경공간정보의 최근 변화(데이터의 형식의 전환 및 ICT(Information and Communications Technologies)와 접목 등)를 반영한 발전방향을 고찰하였다. 특히, 환경공간정보 구축의 기본이 되는 기반기술이 정밀화 및 과학화를 다양한 논문을 통하여 고찰하였다. 위와 관련된 연구를 통해 국내 환경공간정보의 활용을 다각화시키고 이를 활용한 정책개발 및 환경요소의 효율적인 관리가 가능할 것이다.