• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.659-682
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to suggest ideal management system for organic materials. As the performing method of the study, surveyed results on understanding of related persons (organic farmer 846, organic materials manufacture 70 and Organic materials Auditors 7) with eco-friendly farming were used. And the opinion on unintentional pollution source contained in organic materials was surveyed additionally. The issues pointed out by organic farmers on product of organic materials were high price (60% to total), poor efficacy (16%), disorder on distribution system (13%) and containing chemicals as a pesticide (10%). And notification system for organic materials was accepted in general (positive and so so 76%) while most interviewees preferred (89%) unification of certification system dominantly. As unintentional contamination source, pollution on imported row material was indicated as major reason, and other causes were confirmed as insertion during manufacturing process, agricultural by-products using as product additive et al. Based on these surveyed results, authors suggest bellows as considerable methods for effective improvement of management system on organic material. First, establish new integrated certification system which contains standard of quality certification and notification system on organic material. Second, for evaluation of efficacy, apply relative evaluation system of significance such as Duncan's multiple test instead of existing absolute evaluation system. Third, constitute and operate selection of standard comparison subcommittee in organic Agro-materials committee in RDA.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.403-409
• /
• 2005

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination in groundwater often coexists with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) near the source of the plume. Then, groundwater contamination problems have been developed in areas where the chemical is used. Common sources of water contamination by BTEX and MTBE include leaking underground gasoline storage tanks and leaks and spills from above ground fuel storage tanks, etc. In oil-contaminated environments, anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and MTBE depended on the concentration and distribution of terminal electron acceptor. In this study, effect of electron acceptor on the anaerobic biodegradation for BTEX and MTBE-contaminated soil was investigated. This study showed the anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and MTBE in two different soils by using nitrate reduction, ferric iron reduction and sulfate reduction. The soil samples from the two fields were enriched for 65 days by providing BTEX and MTBE as a sole carbon source and nitrate, sulfate or iron as a terminal electron acceptor. This study clearly shows that degradation rate of BTEX and MTBE with electron acceptors is higher than that without electron acceptors. Degradation rate of Ethylbenzene and Xylene is higher than that of Benxene, Toluene, and MTBE. In case of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and MTBE, nitrate has more activation. In case of Toluene and Xylene, sulfate has more activation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.204-209
• /
• 2007

Agricultural area in the vicinity of the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ smelting factory in Kyeongbuk province, the third largest zinc smelting factory in the world, was contaminated by high concentration of heavy metals. However, the heavy metals source was not yet directly traced and thus, resulted to a conflict between the factory and residents within its vicinity. In order to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in the arable lands located at the north eastern part of the factory, soils were sampled systematically. To find out the major reason for the occurrence of this problem, waters and aerosols were sampled with constant intervals to the upward and downward direction from the factory and were analyzed to find out the heavy metal concentrations. Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) of the heavy metals were highly accumulated more than the Korean warning criteria (Cd 1.5, Zn 300 mg $kg^{-1}$) with mean values 1.7 and 407 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, at the surface soils (0-20 cm), and heavy metal concentration significantly decreased with increasing soil depth In addition, the concentration of both metals slightly decreased with increasing distance from the factory to the surface soils. Cadmium and Zn were detected in the upward stream water with low concentration and concentrations increased significantly in the downstream after passing across the factory. Aerosol samples also showed traces of Cd and Zn which could be attributed to the contamination of the water system and the surface soils. Conclusively, Cd and Zn emitted from the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ smelting factory moved with the aerosol in the atmosphere and thus, contaminated the agricultural areas and the water system within it vicinity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2014

The significance of soil environment is gradually increased due to the soil and underwater contamination caused by petroleum leak accidents. It requires a high cost and long period for the purification of soil compared with other environmental matrix such as water and air. For this reason, it has been embroiled in a legal conflict to find the pollution source and charge of cleanup. In this study, we analyzed the physical properties and typical additives of jet fuel to search a method that can distinguish kerosene and jet fuel contamination. In particular, the chemical marker in kerosene was visualized by the developer and the additives in jet fuel, such as antioxidant and metal deactivator were detected by GC-MS. This study could be used to judge petroleum source at soil contaminant accident sites.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.144-153
• /
• 2007

One of the most recent issues facing the pesticides regulatory process is the assessment of the potential for pesticides to leach through soil and appear in groundwater. Since Jeju island depends on a hydrogeologically vulnerable aquifer system as its principle source of drinking water, it is important to identify which pesticides are the most likely to result in groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to assess groundwater contamination risk of 21 pesticides (12 insecticides, 6 herbicides and 3 fungicides) in Jeju soils using groundwater ubiquity score (GUS). Considering GUS estimated in 21 representative series of Jeju soils, generally herbicides showed relatively higher leaching potentials and insecticides showed lower leaching potentials. Groundwater contamination risk was higher in the order of bromacil > metolachlor > alachlor > linuron pretilachlor > butachlor for herbicides, carbofuran > ethoprophos > diazinone > dimethoate > penthoate > mecarbam > methidathion > endosulfan > fenitrothion > parathion > chlorpyrifos > terbufos for insecticides, and metalaxyl > chlorothalonil > triadimefon for fungicides. Among the tested pesticides alachlor, metolachlor, bromacil, ethoprophos and carbofuran were classified as the pesticides of very high or high groundwater contamination potential. Although the ranking of the leaching potential was essentially determined on the base of the intrinsic properties of the chemicals and environmental properties, variation of the relative groundwater contamination potentials of each pesticides in different soils were not significant. Therefore, the above ranking of groundwater contamination risk would be applied in most of Jeju soils. To lower the possibility of pesticide contamination of groundwater, the use of those pesticides classified as high or very high leaching potential should be strictly regulated in Jeju Island.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.481-490
• /
• 2005

Nitrate contamination in water system is a critical environmental problem caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizer and concentration of livestock. In order to prevent further contamination, therefore, it is necessary to understand the origin of nitrate in nitrogen loading sources and manage the very source of contamination. The objective of this study was to examine the nitrate contamination sources in different agricultural system by using nitrogen isotope ratios. Groundwater and runoff water samples were collected on a monthly basis from February 2003 to November 2003 and analyzed for nitrogen isotopes. The nitrate concentrations of groundwater in livestock fanning area were higher than those in conventional and organic fanning area and exceeded the national drinking water standard of 10mg N/ l. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ranges of chemical fertilizer and animal manure were - 3.7${\sim}$+2.3$\textperthousand$ and +12.5${\sim}$26.7$\textperthousand$, respectively. The higher ${\delta}^{15}N$ of animal manure than those of chemical fertilizer reflected isotope fractionation and volatilization of '''N. The different agricultural systems and corresponding average nitrate concentrations and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values were: conventional farming, 5.47mg/e, 8.3$\textperthousand$; organic fanning, 5.88mg/e, 10.1$\textperthousand$; crop-livestock farming, 12.5mg/e, 17.7%0. These data indicated that whether conventional or organic agriculture effected groundwater and runoff water quality. In conclusions, relationship between nitrate concentrations and ${\delta}^{15}N$ value could be used to make a distinction between nitrate derived from chemical fertilizer and from animal manure. Additional investigation is required to monitor long-term impact on water quality in accordance with agricultural systems.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.267-285
• /
• 2001

This study has tried to develop the modified DRASTIC Model by supplying the parameters,such as structural lineament density and landuse, into conventional DRASTIC medal, and to predict the potential of groundwater contamination using GIS in Whanam 2 Area, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Since the aquifers in Korea is generally through the joints of rock-mass in hydrogeological environment, lineament denisity affects to the behavior of goundwater and contaminated plumes directly, and land-use reflect the effect of point or non-point source of contamination indirectly. For the statistical analysis, lattice layers of each parameter were generated, and then level of confidence was assessed by analyzing each correlation coefficient. Composite contamination map was achieved as a final result by comparing modified DRASTIC potential and the amount of generation load of several contaminant sources logically. The result could suggest the predictability of the area of contamination potrntial in the respects of hydrogeological aspect and water quality.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.89-107
• /
• 2004

This study has tried to develop the modified DRASTIC Model by supplying the parameters, such as structural lineament density and landuse, into conventional DRASTIC model, and to predict the potential of groundwater contamination using GIS in Whanam 2 Area, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Since the aquifers in Korea is generally through the joints of rock-mass in hydrogeological environment, lineament density affects to the behavior of groundwater and contaminated plumes directly, and land-use reflect the effect of point or non-point source of contamination indirectly. For the statistical analysis, lattice layers of each parameter were generated, and then level of confidence was assessed by analyzing each correlation coefficient. Composite contamination map was achieved as a final result by comparing modified DRASTIC potential and the amount of generation load of several contaminant sources logically. The result could suggest the predictability of the area of contamination potential on the respects of hydrogeological aspect and water quality.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.717-726
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to assess the geochemical contamination degree of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in the soil and water samples from an abandoned gold mine. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were carried out to assess the geochemical contamination degree of the soil samples. Variations of sulfate and heavy metals concentration in water samples were determined to identify the geochemical distribution with respect to the distance from the mine tailing dam. Geochemical pollution indices indicated significant contaminated with As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in the soil samples that areas close to the mine tailing dam, while, Sb showed similar indices in all soil samples. These results indicated that the As, Cd, Pb, and Zn dispersion has occurred via anthropogenic sources, such as mining activities. In terms of water samples, anomalies in the concentrations of As, Cd, Zn, and SO₄^2- was determined at specific area, in addition, the concentrations of the elements gradually decreased with distance. This result implies the heavy metals distribution in water has carried out by the weathering of sulfide minerals in the mine tailing and soil. The study area has been conducted the remediation of contaminated soil in the past, however, the geochemical dispersion of heavy metals was supposed to be occurred from the potential contamination source. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the soil and water is necessary after the completion of remediation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.499-508
• /
• 1998

The Imgok Creek is located in the Gangreung coal field, which has been known that sulfides are more abundant than other coal fields in Korea, and it has been severly contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD) discharging from the abandoned coal mines, such as the Youngdong, the Dongduk and the Waryong coal mines. The purposes of this study are to synthetically assess the contamination of natural water, stream sediment and cultivated soils, and to provide the basic data for AMD treatment. Geochemical samples were collected in December, 1996 (dry season) and April, 1997 (after three day's rainfall). TDS of the Youngdong mine water was remarkably higher than those of other mine waters. In the Imgok Creek, concentrations of most elements, except Fe decreased with distance by dilution caused by the inflow of uncontaminated tributaries. From the results of NAMDI and $I_{geo}$ calculation, the Youngdong coal mine was the main contamination source of the study area. Groundwater pollution was not yet confirmed in this study and the paddy and farm land soils were also not yet contaminated by mining activity based on the pollution index ranging from 0.27 to 0.47.