• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.240-253
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• 1997

The main problems contributing to food poisoning outbreaks in institutional settings and a home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations of food poisoning. The major documented factors included improper holding temperatures, inadequate cooking, poor personal hygiene, cross-contamination and contaminated equipment, food from unsafe sources, failure to follow food hygiene policies, and lack of education, training, monitoring and superivision. Usually more than one factor contributed to the development of an outbreak. (1) Use of improper holding temperatures was the single most important factor contributing to food poisoning. They included improper cooling, allowing a laps of time (12 hours or more) between preparing food and eating it, improper hot holding, and inadequate or improper thawing. Food thermometers were not used in most of the instances. (2) In inadequate cooking, the core temperature of food during and after cooking had not been measured, and routine monitoring was limited to recording the temperature of plated meals. Compared with conventional methods of cooking, microwave ovens did not protect against food poisoning as effectively. Centralized food preparation potentially increased the risk of food poisoning outbreaks. (3) Poor personal hygiene both at the individual level (improper handwashing and lack of proper hygienic practices) and at the institutional level (poor general sanitization) increased the risk of transmission. Person to person transmission of enteric pathogens through direct contact and via fomites has been noted in several instances. (4) Obtaining food from unsafe sources was a risk factor in outbreaks of food poisoning. Food risks were high when food was grown or harvested from contaminated areas. Possibilities included contamination in the field, in transport, at the retail site, or at the time it was prepared for serving. (5) Cross-contamination and inadequate cleaning/handling of equipment became potential vehicles of food poisoning. Failure to separate cooked food from raw food was also a risk factor. (6) Failure to follow food hygiene policies also provided opportunities for outbreaks of food poisoning. It included improper hygienic practices during food preparation, neglect of personnel policies (involvement of symptomatic workers in food preparation), poor results on routine inspections, and disregarding the results and recommendations of an inspection. (7) Lack of formal and in-service education, training, monitoring, and supervision of food handlers or supervisors were critical and perhaps neglected elements in occurrences of food poisoning.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1982

$1978{\sim}80$년 3개년에 걸쳐 경상북도 상주로 부터 경상남도 임해진에 이르는 낙동강(洛東江) 중류(中流)의 12개 지점과 금호강(琴湖江) 및 남강(南江) 하류(下流)의 2개 지점에서 년 4회(1월, 4월, 7월, 10월)에 걸쳐 수질(水質)을 조사하고 이를 종합하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 금조강(琴潮江) 하류(下流)의 계절별 3년 평균 용존산소는 1월에 0.7 ppm, 4월에 1.3ppm, 7월에 4.0ppm, 10월에 0.8 ppm이었고, BOD농도는 1월에 91 ppm, 4월에 37 ppm, 7월에 6 ppm, 10월에 24 ppm이었다. 금호강 물은 극도로 오염되어 상수도(上水道) 원수(原水)나 산업용수(産業用水)로서 이용할 수 없는 상태이었다. 2) 낙동강 상류(上流)의 수질(水質)은 깨끗하나 대구지역에서 금호강의 합류로 급격히 오염(汚染)되어 화원에서의 3년간 계절별 평균 용존산소는 1월에 10.4 ppm, 4월에 5.8 ppm, 7월에 6.3 ppm, 그리고 10월에 7.0ppm으로 떨어졌으며 BOD농도는 1월에 8.8ppm, 4월에 6.5 ppm, 7월에 3.2ppm, 10월에 5.3ppm으로 높은 오염도를 나타냈다. 혼탁도, $NH_4-N$, 전기전도도 등도 높은 값을 보였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권spc호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2022

From early 2000, many researchers in the groundwater and soil environment remediation project tried to calculate the pollution level and pollution remediation cost and reflect it in the design. In addition, by identifying the movement characteristics of oil pollutants in the underground environment, many researchers tried to derive design factors necessary for pollution purification. However, although the test should be conducted in an area contaminated with oil, the toxicity and risk are too great for testing by deliberately leaking pollutants that are harmful to the human body. And as oil-contaminated areas are promoted by military units such as returned US military bases, there is a limit to access by the general public. In addition, since the indoor simulation test and the field application test have been carried out separately from each other, it was difficult to compare and review various simulation tests Therefore, in this study, PITT (Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test) and analysis methods were specifically presented through actual tests so that field workers could easily use them with the help of the military base and the Korea Rural Community Corporation Soil Environment Restoration Team. However, in order to directly reflect the distribution tracer test results in the pollution remediation design, it is necessary to reduce the analysis errors by comparing the analysis results of the existing soil pollution survey, physical exploration, and numerical modeling. In addition, it is judged to be cautious in the analysis because errors can easily occur due to various factors such as the type of oil at the polluted site, the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, and the skill of the researcher.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

본 연구는 경기도 소재 모 사격장의 주요 오염물질 여섯 가지에 대하여 홍수조절지가 건설된 이후 사격장 주변지역의 위해성을 예측하기 위하여 수행되었다. 해당 지역의 주요 오염물질 중 인체에 독성이 있는 화약물질 3종과 중금속 3종을 대상물질로 선정하였으며, 오염의 정도와 토지의 이용용도에 따라 네 지역으로 나누어 평가를 실시하였다. 위해성이 과대평가되는 것을 피하기 위하여 대상지역의 인문사회학적 특성 및 지반환경공학적 특성을 기반으로 노출경로모델(Conceptual Site Model)을 작성하였으며 각 노출경로에 따른 오염물질 이동모델 및 위해성 평가는 API's DSS(American Petroleum Institute's Decision Support System)를 이용하였다. 수용체나 지역의 특성을 하나의 값으로 대표할 수 없는 경우 위해성이 과소평가되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 가장 안전한 값을 사용하였다. 위해성 예측결과, 피탄지인 Ac 지역에서 TNT(Tri-Nitro-Toluene)와 카드뮴의 비발암위해도가 1을 조금 넘고, RDX(Royal Demolition Explosives)의 경우 50이 넘어, 대상지역 전체에 대한 총 비발암위해도는 62.828라는 매우 큰 값을 나타내었다. 한편, 발암위해도는 납이 약 $5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$, 카드뮴이 약 $1\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$으로, 일반적으로 받아들여지는 발암위해도의 적정수준인 $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-6}$에 비하여 $5{\sim}10$ 배 정도 크게 평가되었다. 이러한 위해성평가 결과를 통하여, 해당지역에 홍수조절지를 건설하기 전에 비발암물질과 발암물질 모두에 대한 즉각적인 복원사업이 진행되어야 하며, 홍수조절지 건설 후에도 사격장이 계속 운영될 경우 적절한 오염물질의 관리정책이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 연약지반의 지반개량과 오염물질정화를 동시에 수행 가능한 반응성 배수파일의 적용에 대한 지반공학적 특성을 평가하였다. 반응성 배수파일의 내부 반응물질로 사용되는 제강슬래그의 적용성을 확인하였으며, 내부 반응물질을 둘러싸고 있는 원통형 차단막 길이와 차단막 외부의 외부 배수층 설치에 따른 압밀거동을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 반응성 배수파일이 타설된 지반을 모사할 수 있는 실험장비를 개발하였으며, 외부 배수층 유 무 및 차단막 길이를 변화시켜가며, 실내모형실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 차단막의 길이가 짧아질수록 압밀소요시간은 감소하는 것으로 나타났지만, 차단막 길이변화에 따른 압밀소요시간차이에 비해 외부 배수층 유 무에 따른 압밀소요시간의 차이가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2006년도 학술대회 1부
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• pp.937-944
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• 2006

Although people's anxiety about the environmental problem has been getting higher, they are not provided good quality of knowledge about the environment. Based on this situation, Ecoblog can be a new type of online community to educate the public in ecological knowledge. Especially, Ecoblog can be utilized as a method of "preventive education", and it will contribute to reduce great amounts of environmental budget to restore contaminated environment to previous condition. Ecoblog also utilizes the concept of blog which user can create and append their site with chosen themes. A weblog or a blog is a non-commercial webpage regularly updated through the use of a blogging software which allows the user to "publish" kinds of amalgamations of text and graphics to the page as posts. The technology offered in Ecoblog is utilizing the concept of 4D place and game metaphor in order to provide users the sense of participation, interaction and immersion among them and the growing community. Thus, it requires applying the CAAD technology by implementing semantically well-defined building data model as a core database to create a 4D virtual community. This research focuses on defining a 4d spatial framework suitable for developing an online ecological community. Through our study, the state-of-the-art of online community has been studied at the first step. Second, the scenario of using EcoBlog described with content, visualization and navigation are defined based on the critical features derived at the first step. Finally, a 4d spatial framework composed of semantic building data model, content and rule database is constructed to propose factors that are necessary to establish an ecological virtual community. In conclusion, our framework could enhance the comprehension and interaction between users and virtual buildings in the ecological community by integrating the concept of game design, 4D CAD and semantic data model. Such framework can be applied to any online community for an educational purpose.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2020

Municipal solid waste disposal is considered as one of the most important risks for environmental contamination which necessitates the development of strategies to reduce destructive consequences on the ecosystem as related especially to heavy metal accumulation. This study investigates heavy metal (i.e., As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) accumulation in the Tonekabon region, NW of Iran that is related to city waste disposal and evaluates the environmental impact in the Caspian Sea coastal region. For this purpose, after performing field studies and collecting 50 soil specimens from 5 sites of the study area, geochemical tests (i.e., inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence) were conducted on the soil specimens collected from the 5 sites (named as Sites A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5) and the results were used to estimate the pollution indices (i.e., geo-accumulation index, normalized enrichment factor, contamination factor, and pollution load index). The obtained indices were utilized to assess the eco-toxicological risk level in the landfill site which indicated that the city has been severely contaminated by Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. These levels have been developed along the stream towards the nearshore areas indicating uptake of soil degradation. The heavy metal contamination was classified to range from unpolluted to highly polluted, which indicated serious heavy metal pollution in the study area as related to municipal solid waste disposal in Tonekabon.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.557-566
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• 2014

This study examines he trend in the development of protective clothing for pesticide spraying based on materials with domestic patents and proposes pesticide protection clothing using a cooling blower unit effective for reducing heat stress in pesticide spraying. There was a total of 54 domestic patents on protective clothing related to pesticide spraying, reflecting a sharp increase based on the increasing demand for protective clothing since 2000. Protective clothing with a lower level of heat stress as the core technology accounted for 35.2% of these patents, and recent years have witnessed the increased development of protective clothing supplying cold air to the interior of the clothing through a separate device. However, this may cause some inconvenience in the activity of farmers. Therefore, this study proposes a lightweight cooling blower unit that does not hinder the user's appearance and activity. In the cooling blower unit, contaminated air from outside is purified through a filter and cools down as it passes a cooling device with refrigerant in the copper pipe. This chilled air is supplied to the interior of the clothing through a bidirectional inhaling blower. The proposed protective clothing is an overall with raglan sleeves. Its chill injection site has an area where the most conspicuous change in temperature is selected, and at the back, there is a large pocket for a cooling blower unit.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제15권
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• pp.56-65
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• 2014

강릉에 위치한 신복사지 석조보살좌상 ^{보물 제84호} 얼굴부에 광택이 있는 수지상 오염물이 고착되어 있었다. 오염의 범위는 백호부터 턱 밑까지이며 광택이 발생하여 미관을 해치고 있었다. 오염물 중 일부를 수거하여 FT-IR 분석을 실시한 결과 시아노아크릴계 순간접착제인 것을 확인하였다. 분석된 접착제는 면봉 등에 아세톤을 묻혀 녹이면서 제거하는 방법이 일반적이다. 그러나 석조보살좌상이 야외에 오랜 시간 노출되어 있어 표면 풍화가 많이 진행된 상태이므로 이를 고려하여 물리적 손상을 최소화하는 방법으로 제거하였다. 기존에 처리된 삼전도비의 페인트 낙서 제거에 적용된 습포법과 도토기의 수지제거에 이용된 증기법을 검토하여 물리적 손상 없이 제거할 수 있는 방법을 찾아보았다. 습포법과 증기법을 같이 적용하면 면봉을 이용한 물리적 작업없이 24시간 이내에 수지가 제거되는 것을 확인하였고 이를 토대로 현장에 적용하였다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2002

Risk communication can be defined as the exchange of information about the nature, magnitude, significance, acceptability, and management of risk. The effect of risk communication on the perception and knowledge towards risk of environmental pollutants and it's related factors were investigated in this study. To investigate perception and knowledge of students and teachers towards risk of environmental pollutants, we conducted the survey using self-administrated questionnaire. The subjects were 574 for the first survey and 465 for the seconds survey from May to June, 2000. The main methods of transmission used in this study- through video tape, visual materials, question and answer, and participation in measuring pollutants - were not a one - way street. But an interactive process where information and opinions were exchanged among individuals, groups, and institutions. Environmental pollutants measured with participation of study subjects was Radon in the class room. The concentration of Radon was measured using E -PERM Device by installing it at each site for about 5 days. Subjects showed much interest in environmental pollution. Also, more than 98％ of total subjects were perceived as Korea is seriously contaminated at present. By risk communication activity, risk perception of all subjects about Radon was increased, on the other hand, risk perception of Dioxin was decreased except for elementary student. Moreover, knowledge of all subjects about environmental risk was significantly increased (p =0.0001) and effort of reducing environmental pollution was more increased (p<0.05). There is need to further develop, refine, and integrate these approaches environmental risk communication study, there is an even more pressing need to accelerate the diffusion of environmental risk communication practice into government and organizations.