• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.116-122
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• 1996

This study has been focused on the applicability of microwave treatment of soil contaminated by volitile organic chemicals. Substrates studied were sand and sandy soil. These substrates were impregnated with toluene, tetrachloroethylene, o-xylene and p-dichlorobenzene. The microwave treatment was conducted in a modified domestic microwave oven: 2450 MHz, 700 W. The sandy soil temperature added water went up rapidly to about 130$\circ$C for 4 minutes. And then, the temperature appeared to plateau out. A series of tests were performed to depict the effectiveness of microwave treatment technique to organic contaminants from soils. Removal efficiencies in sandy soil and sand were increased with increasing water content and exposure time. Microwave radiation penetrates the soil and heats water throughout the matrix. Therefore, addition of a certain amount of water to the contaminated soil can efficiently enhance the ability of the soil to absorb microwave energy and promote the evaporation of the volitile contaminants. And the vapour pressure of impregnated organic contaminants becomes lower. the removal efficiency becomes poor.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.5-13
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• 2004

In the site for apartment construction, the contaminated soils of the heavy metal and the oil were appeared. The representative soil samples were sampled at 7 sampling points. To confirm the geotechnical stability of the contaminated soils, the environmental checks for the heavy metal and the oil. The soils of 2 sampling points were contaminated heavily, so it was estimated that these soils must be disused. For 1 sampling point of the slightly contaminated soil, to confirm the re-applicability of fill material, the stability analysis was performed and it was concluded that this soil will be able to re-use.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2010

In this study, recovering agent was produced with organic sludge and modified peat moss (MPM) in pilot plant mixer to recover oil contaminated soil, and field test of it was estimated using landfarming method. Oil contaminated soil recovering agent was thought to contain more microorganisms than raw waste sludge and was no problem to come onto the market because there were not any items of specified wastes. According to the results of TPH variation with time, it was observed the initial degradation velocity of oil with produced recovering agent was rapid up to 50% after 4 days, remarkably. Because the microorganisms in the organic sludge discharged from chemical plant already acclimated with oil, therefore, it could be estimated initial degradation velocity of recovering agent might be rapid. It was concluded that the oil contaminated soil recovering agent produced in this study have high marketability because of its two aspects on recycling of wastes and initial rapid degradation capacity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2008

This study was performed to establish an analytical method of PAHs in oil contaminated soil of these methods by evaluating the PAHs test methods from US EPA and ISO etc. The application to domestic contaminated soil leads to a conclusion that alumina column is a more effective clean-up procedure for oil contaminated soil rather than the others. It is proposed with the new analytical method of 12 PAHs except for more volatile compounds (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene). The recovery of PAHs in this method ranged 67~107%. The oil contaminated soil samples were analyzed using GC/MSD. The concentration of PAHs ranged $78.68{\sim}275.57{\mu}g/kg$. The predominated compounds were fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene attributing about 70% of total concentration. The level of Benzo[a]pyrene ranged $1.76{\sim}24.65{\mu}g/kg$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.39-42
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• 2004

Landfarming and a microbial agent, Bioil-D, were used to treat diesel-contaminated soil. The microbial agent was applied to the contaminated soil in a concentration of 5$\times$10$^2$ cfu/soil(g) and the total amount of microbial agent, 210$\ell$, was sprinkled on the soil four times for 24 days during 50 day-remediation period. The remediation goal, lower than 800mg/kg of TPH, was achieved from 5, 707 mg/kg of TPH within 50 days. The total number and activity of indigenous microorganisms were increased by 100 times after the microbial agent, Bioil-D, was applied to the contaminated soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.207-209
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• 2002

A fraction of TRIGA contaminated soil whose decontamination is practicable by soil washing was about 34.2 %. It appeared from results of first decontamination experiment that decontamination efficiency using (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$, H$_2$C$_2$O$_4$, and NaOH solution were high. Meanwhile, the most suitable ratio of contaminated soil mass(g) to decontamination solution volume(ml) appeared to be 1:10 according to experiment results. And the most suitable concentration of oxalic acid used as a decontamination solution appeared to be 0.5 M.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.314-317
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• 2003

Plants may enhance the remediation of munitions at contaminated soils using various natural processes. A computer model can be used as a valuable tool for assisting phytoremediation by predicting the transport and fate of target contaminants at remediation sites. For this research, modeling of phytoremediation and bioremediation of soil contaminated with 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied. Indian mallow (Abutilion avicennae) was grown in columns packed with 126mg TNT/kg contaminated soils for 50 days and a simulation model was developed to simulate the transport and fate of TNT and its breakdown products interacting with plant roots in a partially saturated soil. The column test showed the substantially enhanced reduction of TNT and greater soil microbial activity in Indian mallow planted soil compared to unplanted soil. The model successfully simulated the fate of TNT and by-products in phytoremediation. The results suggested that plants could provide favorable environments for reduction of TNT.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2001

In this study, the characteristics of pH variations and contaminant distribution in soil are investigated during electrokinetic treatment for the purpose of restoring contaminated soil with heavy metal. For these objects, laboratory test for the kaolin contaminated by lead was performed. During electrokinetic treatment, lead was transported from anode to cathode. And 75% of lead removed within 80% region of the specimen. Most lead, however, that transported from anode to cathode precipitated in the vicinity of cathode compartment, thus the amount of lead removed by electroosmosis was little. Electrokinetic treatment satisfied regulation criteria of Korean Soil Environment Conservation Law within almost region of the specimen. But enhancement methods can be regarded as inevitable requisite for the cathode region.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to prevent spreading of contaminants from movement of underground water by creating a barrier using artificial freezing method on a soil contaminated by oils and various DNAPLs. Specimens with 80% and 90% degrees of saturation were prepared to form freezing barrier using artificial freezing method. As the results of freezing specimen within soil bin with artificial ground freezing system, artificial contaminated soil cut off wall formed the thinnest wall after 12 hours. It is judged that this cut off wall will control the second soil pollution by intercepting expansion and movement of pollutants and DNAPLs within artificial contaminated soil cut off wall by underground water, intercepting inflow or outflow of underground water. Cut off walls formed by artificial ground freezing system had each other freezing speed according to degree of saturation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.418-421
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• 2003

Surfactant enhanced in-situ soil flushing was peformed to remediate the soil and groundwater at an oil contaminated site, and the effluent solution was treated by the chemical treatment process including DAF(Dissolved Air Flotation). A section from the contaminated site(4.5m$\times$4.5m$\times$6.0m) was selected for the research, which was composed of heterogeneous sandy and silt-sandy soils with average Hydraulic conductivity of 2.0$\times$10$^{-4}$ cm/sec. Two percent of sorbitan monooleate(POE 20) and 0.07% of iso-prophyl alcohol were mixed for the surfactant solution and 3 pore volumes of surfactant solution were injected to remove oil from the contaminant section. Four injection wells and two extraction wells were built in the section to flush surfactant solution. Water samples taken from extraction wells and the storage tank were analyzed by GC(gas-chromatography) for TPH concentration with different time. Five pore volumes of solution were extracted while TPH concentration in soil and groundwater at the section were below the Waste Water Discharge Limit(WWDL). Total 18.5kg of oil (TPH) was removed from the section. The concentration of heavy metals in the effluent solution also increased with the increase of TPH concentration, suggesting that the surfactant enhanced in-situ flushing be available to remove not only oil but heavy metals from contaminated sites. Results suggest that in-situ soil flushing and chemical treatment process including DAF could be a successful process to remediate contaminated sites distributed in Korea.