• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2016

This study effect of engine oils on regulated fuel economy and emissions including particulate matter (PM) to provide basic data for management of engine oil in vehicles. Three engine oils (Group III base oil, Group III genuine oil with additive package and synthetic oil with poly alpha olefins (PAOs)) were used in one gasoline, one LPG(liquefied petroleum gas) and two diesel vehicles. In the case of diesel vehicles, one is a diesel vehicle without DPF (diesel particulate filter) other is a diesel vehicle with DPF. In this study, the US EPA emission test cycle FTP-75, representing city driving, was used. HORIBA, PIERBURG, and AVL gas analyzers were used to measure the fuel economy and regulated emissions such as CO, NOx, and THC. The number of PM was measured using a PPS (pegasor particle sensor). And, the shape of PMs was analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscope). The effects of oil type on fuel economy, exhaust gas, and PM were not significant because engine oil consumption by evaporation and combustion in the cylinder is very tiny. Fuel and vehicle type were dominant factors in fuel economy and emissions. HC emission from gasoline vehicles was higher than that from other vehicles and NOx emission from diesel vehicles was higher than that from other vehicles. The number of PM was not affected by the engine oil, but by the driving pattern and fuel. The shapes of the PM, sampled from each vehicle using any test engine oil, were similar.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 1985

A survey of 113 children, aged 4 to 6 years, of the San Cheon a day care center, located in the upland, over populated, poor area of Seoul City, was conducted from July 28 to September 6, 1982, to investigate the dietary and nutritional status, and prevalence of parasitic inpection. House size was 10.1 Pyung; number of households per house, 3.1; number of family member per household, 4.8; and number of family members living together per room, 3.7; on the average. Only 49% of households possess own houses and the others live in the rented houses. About 40% of mothers were engaged income-producing activities within or outside of the home. Mean values of height, weight, arm circumference, girth of chest, and girth of head ranged from 98.4 to 102.2% of KIST mean. However, 13% of the subjects were assessed as undernutrition for 'weight for height'. Mean value of hemoglobin was $12.9{\pm}2.9\;g/dl$ and mean hematocrit value was $35.2{\pm}5.5%$; 17.9% of the subjects were proven to be anemic according to the criteria of the WHO. The positive prevalence of parasitic inpection was 3.3%, significantly lower than that observed in any other area, probably because of community parasitic control project. Intakes of energy and nutrients except thiamin and ascorbic acid were far below RDAs. Carbohydrates for energy provided 71. 2 to 73.8% of total energy intake; protein accounted 11.3 to 12.2%; fat provided 14.5 to 16.6%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, evening meal and snack, on the average, in a percentage of 22.0; 23.4; 24.4; 30.2. There was significant correlation between pattern of food consumption and nutrient intakes. The nutrient intakes and quality of foods were highly correlated to the maternal factors, especially mother's educational level. The study suggested that development of nutrition guides for mother and children would be needed to improve nutritional status of those young children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.577-587
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the consumption pattern and perception of traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in male and female adults aged 19 and over in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas in order to promote the development of the products' industry. The survey was conducted between October 1 to October 15, 2011 among 294 male and female adults aged 19 years and over in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas. The gender distribution of the subjects was 33.3% males and 66.7% females. For a perception on traditional dietary life, the degree for enjoying meals with cooked rice as the staple food revealed that 32.3% of the subjects responded 'strongly agree'. The intake frequency of traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in the subjects of the study showed that in the case of doenjang, 49.7% of the participants consumed it twice a week and 21.4% consumed it once a week. For gochujang, 59.9% consumed it twice a week and 19.0% consumed it once a week. The perception on the preparation method for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products showed a low level for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products. The reason for purchasing traditional foods showed that 77.6% of the subjects made purchases for convenience and 8.2% purchased it for its small package. For the subjects, the priority for purchasing traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products was as follows: in the first rank, ingredients & origin made up 33.7% and price comprised of 26.2% of the priority. Regarding satisfaction for soy sauce and soybean paste products in the market, the degree of satisfaction was high for gochujang. With regard to gender difference, female subjects showed a significantly lower satisfaction for cheonggukjang and kuk-ganjang, and a significantly higher satisfaction for chin-ganjang, compared to the male subjects. The results of the study depicted that consumer's requirement was high for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in the market, particularly for the safety of the products in the market. Consumer satisfaction was relatively positive yet, some efforts are needed in order to improve the quality of cheonggukjang and kuk-ganjang.

• ALGAE
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2018

Turkish towel (Chondracanthus exasperatus), Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis, also known as Red ribbon seaweed), and sea lettuce (Ulva spp.) were cultivated in a land-based intensive culture system at the Manchester Research Station, USA from August 2013 to September 2014. Macroalgae were grown in tumble-aerated tanks, harvested bimonthly for seasonal growth calculations, and analyzed for protein, lipid, ash, and amino acid content. Growth rate of all three species exhibited a similar pattern, with the highest specific growth rates occurring during the summer months (Turkish towel: 7.8%, Pacific dulse: 8.2%, and sea lettuce: 6.2%). Growth of all three species was lowest around winter solstice; with negative growth only observed in sea lettuce. On a dry weight basis significant differences in protein content existed between the three species with highest values for sea lettuce ($29.5{\pm}1.4%$). Lipid content varied between species (0.95-2.78%) with significantly higher lipid observed in sea lettuce (0.58-4.82%). No significant differences were detected on a seasonal basis among each species. Essential amino acids accounted for $43{\pm}0.9$ to $47{\pm}1.2%$ of total amino acids with Turkish towel having the highest value. Turkish towel had a significantly higher taurine level ($0.82{\pm}0.27$) than the other macroalgae. The levels of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals were low. The estimated annual product of the three species ranged from 50- to $70-mt\;dry\;weight\;ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}$, significantly higher than conventional crops. Land-based culture of these species can produce year-round harvest, consistent product quality, and low contaminant levels.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2018

본 논문은 세탁물 건조기의 고효율과 건조성능 향상을 위한 탄소나노섬유의 열원(히팅모듈)을 설명하였고, 이 열원의 적용 가능성을 평가하는데 집중하였다. 제안된 히팅모듈의 설계를 위해, 탄소나노섬유램프의 표면온도와 표면온도분포특성에 관한 실험이 수행되었다. 그 램프의 표면온도는 램프에 흐르는 전류의 증가와 함께 선형적으로 증가하였고, 그 램프의 길이가 짧을수록 증가하는 패턴을 보였다. 제안된 히팅모듈은 건조효율, 세탁물의 수분증발률, 건조동작 중 드럼의 내부온도를 기반으로 평가되었다. 건조효율은 KS C 9319의 기준인 45%를 충족하였고, 수분증발률과 드럼의 내부온도는 각각 98.88%와 평균 $61.1^{\circ}C$로 S사의 제품과 대등한 건조성능을 보였다. 그 평가와 실제 건조실험 결과로부터, 제안된 탄소나노섬유램프 히팅모듈은 건조효율과 건조성능의 측면에서 세탁물 건조기의 열원으로 적용 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 높은 온도의 열원, 우수한 발열량, 원적외선 방출에 의한 건조성능의 향상과 세탁물의 살균효과를 얻을 수 있다. 추가적으로, 그 건조기들 사이에 건조효율 성능차이가 열원의 소비전력을 기반으로 상세히 분석되었다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권12호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

우리나라 만화계가 장기침체에 빠져있다는 것은 1990년대 후반부터 누적되어 온 일반적인 시각이다. 이에 정부는 만화산업 육성책으로 2002년부터 만화산업 중장기 발전 5개년 계획을 수립, 집행해 왔다. 그 기간 동안 만화계는 전례 없이 정부의 대대적인 지원을 받은 바 있다. 다가올 2008년부터는 2차 중장기 발전계획이 시행될 예정이다. 그러나 만화계 안팎의 체온은 정부 주무부서와 사뭇 다르게 느껴진다. 1차 계획 시행기간동안 백화점식으로 나열된 사업이 단지 구색 맞추기에 급급했다는 진단이 대세를 이루고 있다. 그러나 근본적으로는 장기 침체에 대한 정확한 진단이 필요하다. 웹만화와 아동학습만화는 유래없는 호황을 구가하고 있다. 만화에 대한 독자의 소비 패턴이 바뀌고 있는 것이다. 따라서 만화산업 중장기 발전 계획은 단지 정부예산 몇 푼을 갈라 쓰는 방안이 아니라 정부, 기업, 민간이 함께 고민하고 플랜을 짜는 종합적이고 입체적인 계획이 되야한다. 또한 선택과 집중을 통해 효율을 높여야한다. 그러기 위해서는 민간단체의 역량을 강화하는 것이 우선이다. 나아가 정부의 금전적, 정책적 지원을 이끌어 내기 위한 로비력도 제고해야한다. 이를 위해 싱크탱크 기능을 담당할 진흥정책 연구 기구의 설립을 제안하며 궁극에는 영화진흥법에 비견되는 만화진흥법의 제정활동을 만화계에 제안한다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.202-211
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• 2011

본 연구는 소양호를 대상으로 장기간 동안 다매체 내 수은 농도 분포를 조사하였으며 소양호 총수은(TM; total mercury) 농도는 $1.17{\pm}1.09ng/L$ 나타났다. 표층수 총 수은 농도를 보면 시간적 및 공간적 변이에 대한 통계적 유의성을 찾아볼 수 없었으나, 탁도 및 입자성 유기탄소(particulate organic carbon; POC)의 농도와 뚜렷한 양의 상관성(P-value<0.01)이 있는 것으로 관측되었다. 또한 소양호의 경우 수은 유입원이 선행연구에서 언급된 대기 침적보다는 장마철 runoff로 인한 유입이 더 중요하다는 것을 나타낸다. 어류 내 수은은 한강과 소양호에서 총 22종의 어류를 채취하였으며, 어류 내 평균 총수은 농도는 0.073 ppm(습중량)으로 나타나, 우리나라의 기준치(0.5 ppm) 및 미국 EPA의 기준치(0.3 ppm)에 비해 낮은 농도를 보였다. 그러나 미국 EPA의 RfD(reference dose)를 바탕으로 본 연구에서 계산된 적정 기준치인 0.07 ppm을 상회하는 어류가 전체의 42%를 차지해 우리나라만의 어류섭취 관리대책이 필요하다. 어류를 채취한 세 지점, 한강, 신이리, 양구는 동일한 종에서 뚜렷하게 다른 농도 분포를 보였는데, 상류일수록 더 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 이는 호수의 부영양화 차이로 인한 지점별 어류 성장 속도의 차이가 원인인 것으로 생각된다. 소양호 저서퇴적물의 수은 농도 분포는 $69.9{\sim}98.3{\mu}g/kg$으로 나타나 미국 미네소타 주의 Voyageurs National Park에서의 연구 결과($102{\sim}364{\mu}g/kg$)보다 약간 낮게 나타났다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2003

오늘날과 같은 지식정보화 시대에는 자료 및 정보에서 창출된 지식을 어떻게 경영하고 관리하느냐에 의해 개인, 기업, 국가의 경쟁력이 평가된다고 해도 과언이 아닐 것이다. 지식경영 의 중요성 및 필요성이 부각되면서 디자인분야에서도 디자인 관련 지식을 창출하고 적용한 후 그 효용가치를 평가하려는 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 이들 선행연구들은 지식창출을 위해 이용되는 기초자료가 무엇이냐에 따라 CRM분야와 온라인 통계 조사분야 그리고 eCRM 분야로 구분할 수 있다. 그러나 이들 연구에서는 개별분야에서의 지식을 창출할 수 있다는 측면에서는 의미가 있지만 디자이너가 실무에 직접적으로 적용 할 수 있는 디자인 지식을 창출할 수 있다고 하기에는 다소 무리가 따른다. 왜냐하면 디자인관련 고객은 CRM분야의 기존 오프라인에서의 고객의 선호행위, 통계조사부분의 각종 디자인 요소에 대한 통계적 설문조사 결과 그리고 eCRM분야의 시공을 초월한 불특정 다수의 소비행태 및 선호패턴에 이르기까지 통합적인 형태의 지식이 요구되기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 CRM, 통계조사, eCRM부분을 통합적으로 적용한 웹기반의 디자인 지식관리 솔루션을 제안하였다. 솔루션에서 제공되는 다양한 정보는 디자인관련 기업과 연구소 등의 실무 디자이너에게 고객위주 디자인을 생성하는데 필요한 잠재적 지식을 창출하는데 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.837-843
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feed intake patterns and growth performance of Meishan and Yorkshire growing pigs. Experiment 1 was carried out over a 6-wk period and used 48 barrows with equal numbers of purebred Meishan (M) and Yorkshire (Y). Pigs were allocated to four groups of 12 pigs consisting of equal numbers of M and Y. Initial BW were $36.4{\pm}0.32kg$ and $42.1{\pm}1.41kg$ for M and Y, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out over a 5-week period and used 48 pigs consisting of equal numbers of both barrows and gilts and of crossbred Meishan$\times$Yorkshire (MY) and purebred Yorkshire (Y) animals. Pigs were allotted to 6 pens of 8 pigs, with 4 single- and 2 mixed-genotype groups (initial $BW=28.5{\pm}0.99kg$). In both experiments, pigs were given ad libitum access to a grower diet (17% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 3365 kcal/kg ME) via feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). Pigs carried an ear-tag transponder with an unique identification which allowed the time, duration, and size of individual meals to be recorded. In Exp. 1, Y had higher ADG (721 vs 353 g, p<0.01), daily feed intake (DFI; 2.338 vs 1.363 kg, p<0.01), made more frequent visits to the feeder per day (NFV; 18.5 vs 7.7, p<0.01), had a shorter feeder occupation time per visit (FOV; 7.4 vs 12.9 min, p<0.01), and ate less feed per visit (FIV; 130 vs 177 g, p<0.01) than M pigs. Feed consumption rates (CR) were greater for Y compared to M (19.3 vs 14.8 g/min, p<0.01). Feeder occupation time per day (FOD) was longer for Y than M (114.3 vs 82.8 min/pig, p<0.01). Yorkshire pigs visited the feeder more frequently between 0800 and 1100 h. Meishan pigs showed more frequent feeder visits between 0600 and 0800 h, and between 1600 and 2100 h when feeding competition with Y was reduced. In Exp. 2, there was no effect of genotype or group composition on DFI, ADG or gain:feed ratio. Crossbred pigs (MY) made fewer feeder visits (12.6 vs 17.7, p<0.01), and had greater FIV (124 vs 98 g/visit, p<0.01), and longer FOV (8.11 vs 7.24 min/visit, p<0.01) and FOD (112 vs 100 min, p<0.05) than Y pigs. Results of this study suggest substantial genetic variation in feeding patterns as well as in growth performance.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1979

Lactic acid발효능이 있는 L. bulgaricus의 증식에 미치는 기계적 교반의 효과 및 동력학적 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) L. bulgaricus를 30시간 발효시켰을 때 세균의 농도는 액면변화가 적은 $N_{Re}=1\times10^5\~5\times10^5$ 범위에서는 2.4 UOD/ml로 동일 하였으며 $N_{Re}=1\times10^5\~1\times10^6$일 때 2.9UOD/ml로 가장 높은 값이었다. 2) 발효 30시간후 포도당의 잔량은 $N_{Re}=1\times10^5\~5\times10^5$범위에서 18g/l, $N_{Re}=1\times10^6$인 경우 8.3g/l였다. 3) 최대비증식속도$(\mu_{max})$는 $N_{Re}=1\times10^5\~5\times10^5$에서 $0.28hr^{-1},\;N_{Re}=1\times10^6에서 $0.58hr^{-1}이었다. 4) Saturation constant $(K_s)는 $N_{Re}=1\times10^5\~5\times10^5$ 3.44g/l, $N_{Re}=1\times10^6$에서 6.74g/l이었다.