• 오토저널
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 1986

Driving pattern of gasoline passenger car was measured and analyzed at some areas(6urban area routes, 4 radial routes, 4 circular routes)in Seoul city. Measured items were vehicle speed, engine speed, intake manifold vacuum, and fuel consumption. Driving pattern data were reappearanced with engine dynamometer. Results of this investigation might be summarized as below; 1. When we compared urban area route with radial or circular route in rush hour, it was found that the average vehicle speed was measured to be lower about 25% and fuel consumption to be higher about 12% in urban area route. 2. Average vehicle speed was measured to be higher about 30% and driving resistance output to be higher about 25% in non-rush hour, but average fuel economy was increased a little. 3. On the bases of average fuel economy and characteristics of exhaust emissions, optimum driving vehicle speed was found about 60 km/h in the 4th(top)and about 40km/h in the 3rd in driving of experimental engine. 4. Idling frequency and exhaust emissions of CO,HC were related to idling closely. But exhaust emission of NOx, which had nothing to do with idling frequency, had relation to acceleration time ratio.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1998

In this paper, we investigated the improvement of characteristics of knock, emission and fuel consumption rate by optimizing the location and size of water transfer holes in cylinder head gasket without change of engine water jacket design itself. The cooling system was modified in the direction of reducing the metal temperature in the head and increasing the metal temperature in the block. The optimization of water transfer holes in cylinder head gasket was obtained by "flow visualization test". The water transfer holes were concentrated in front side of the engine in order to reduce thermal boundary layer in the water jacket of No. 2 and No. 3 combustion changer in the cylinder head, which would have a large knock intensity, and increase thermal boundary layer in the water jacket of the cylinder block. When the modified coolant flow pattern was applied as proposed in this paper, the knock characteristic was improved. The spark timing was advanced up to 2$^{\circ}$ in low and middle speed range at a full load. In addition, HC emission at MBT was reduced by 5.2%, and the fuel consumption rate was decreased up to 1% in the driving condition of 2400 rpm and 250 KPa. However, since this coolant flow pattern mentioned in this paper might deteriorate the performance of vehicle cooling system due to the coolant flow rate reduction, a properly optimized point should be obtained. obtained.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2004

Purpose : To investigate the association between the type of preferred alcoholic beverage and drinking pattern and health characteristics. Methods : A Cross-sectional study was conducted from 22 April to 3 May in 2002. 301 females and 699 males aged 13 to 59 were personally interviewed. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, drinking pattern and health characteristics were collected. 735 drinkers who were 19 year-old or over were included in analysis. Beverage preference was classified 3 categories: Beer drinker, wine drinker(including wine, makguly, chungju and yakju) and soju drinker (including soju and spirits). Results : Beer drinkers were likely to be females. Compared to wine or soju drinkers, beer drinkers were less frequently drank, and consumed less total alcohol per week and less alcohol per 1 drinking among both male and female. Controlling for various confounders, beer drinker had significantly less total alcohol consumption per week, and alcohol consumption per 1 drinking than wine and soju drinker. Conclusion : Beer drinking were associated with less smoking in males and healthy drinking pattern in both gender than soju drinking.

• 전기전자학회논문지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.261-266
• /
• 2011

본 논문에서는 LED 가로등의 소비 전력을 줄이고 수명 및 LED 모듈의 열효율을 높이기 위한 효율적인 새로운 조명기기 LED 점등제어 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 새로운 조명기기 점등제어 시스템은 조도를 측정하여 주변 조도에 따라 4단계로 구분하고 자동 패턴 조명 알고리즘을 적용한다. 그리고 단계검사를 통해 완전대칭을 형성하는 마방진 패턴에 교차점등 알고리즘을 적용하여 설정된 시간동안 점등을 하게 된다. 실험분석 결과, 기존의 조명 시스템과 비교하여 발열량과 소비전력이 최대 30%이상 감소되었고 LED의 수명이 최대 60%이상 향상되었기 때문에 LED 가로등에 적용할 경우 안정적이고 높은 에너지 효율성을 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국인쇄학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2012

As one of the eletronic device industries has been developed by using a recent printing method, the consumption of Ag paste has been on the rise as well. The printing method has simple processes in comparison with other methods. Also it enables to be large-scaled and to lower price ranges. If UV curing system would be applied to the printing method, energy consumption and dangerousness from curing system can be minimized in a short period of time so that its method can be more eco-friendly. This study conducted an experiment in order to make UV curing Ag paste which is feasible to implement micro patterns with different dispersing agents. The purpose of the study is to analysis the suitable printability for micro pattern and to test dispersibility, hardening properties, conductivity and adhesive stength by measuring viscosity, TI(thixotropy index), G', G", $tan{\delta}$(G"/G') after making paste. We have experimented with four dispersing agents. After We did an analysis of characteristic of rheology, conductivity and adhesive stength, etc, We confirmed that the paste added FP 3060 has excellent dispersibility, conductivity and adhesive stength. If the paste has excellent dispersibility, we will expect that micro pattern is made by that.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.235-245
• /
• 1998

This survey was carried out to investigate the beverage consumption pattern. The Questionnaire, which consists of preference, quantity of daily consumption, selection, consumption of traditional beverages and so on, was distributed to elementary, middle and high school students and Home Economics teachers. Compared with teachers, students prefer soft drinks to coffee and tea. The factor considered as important appeared taste when they choose beverages. The reasons why they drink beverage were its being tasty and their heavy thirst. Among traditional beverages, sikhae was consumed most frequently at home. More than 50% of respondents answered that they had experiences of drinking whachae, soochungkwa, citron tea and ginger tea.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
• /
• 제28권9호
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2014

The power consumption pattern of high-speed railway has rarely during night time. But, during service time, the power is consumed irregularly related to train operation. Especially certain unusual about 1-2 days of service time interval to indicate the power consumption is rapidly growing phenomenon, which causes the capacity of the power contract is the annual electricity bill to rise rapidly as the cause. Normally, amount of peak power consumption bill rate at railway substation is over 20% of total electrical bill. Therefore, high-speed railway substation is expected to be considerably larger savings by reducing the peak power of the default charge(demand power).

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2016

This exploratory study examines the critical factors associated with news consumers' perception of information overload and news consumption patterns. An online survey was conducted with Qualtrics panels (N = 1001). The demographics and three antecedent factors of perceived information overload were considered including the frequency of news access through multiple media platforms, level of attention to news, and interest in news. Three news consumption patterns were investigated as possible consequences of perceived information overload: news avoidance, selective exposure, and willingness to pay for news. The results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed a meaningful distinction between general and news information overload. Overall, news consumers who paid more attention to news through newer media/platforms/devices perceived higher levels of information overload, were more willing to pay for the news, and often avoided news or selectively exposed themselves to certain sources of news to manage news information overload.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.197-204
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the relationship between the ring gap ratio and oil consumption, the axial motion of piston ring was measured by capacitance technique. The pressures of each land and the motions of each ring were calculated by orifice-volume method in which it is assumed that the ring gaps are the only gas leakage paths. The calculated results were compared with the measured ones. Consequently, it is known that the increase of ring gap ratio has the effect of lifting the first ring. The calculated results were roughly in accordance with those measured. Therefore, it is possible to predict the effect of design variables on the pattern of ring motion. It is known that the lift off of first ring accompanied by the increase of ring gap ratio make rise of oil consumption.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.431-436
• /
• 2002

Train driving should be satisfied to run fixed distance within given time, and it is desirable to minimize energy consumption. Minimizing energy consumption depends on the train operation modes by driver or automatic operation. In this article, an optimal operation to minimize energy consumption by changing modes of train operation by a driver is investigated. First, powering model, braking model and consumed energy calculation model are introduced by using Matlab software. The accuracy of the model established by simulation is compared with the real experimental data, which is obtained from an authorized institution. Second, several simulations under a variety of operations in the ideal track are executed, and then the optimal pattern of train driving is found.