• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2016

Prenatal nicotine exposure over an entire pregnancy has been associated with an increased prevalence of hyperactivity, anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior in mature rats. However, the effects of maternal nicotine exposure in late gestation and lactation on the psychology and behavior of adolescent rat offspring are unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation on anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior in adolescent offspring of rat. Female rats were orally exposed to nicotine which is within range of plasma level of human chronic smokers during the period of third last period of gestation and lactation. When the offspring were weaned, we observed alterations in the anxiety-like behavior and decision-making ability of adolescent rat offspring using light/dark box test and T-maze delay-based cost-benefit decision-making task. The maternal consumption of nicotine reduced both the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions compared to nicotine-free rats. Moreover, such nicotine exposed adolescent offspring rats showed impulsive decision making which chose the instant reward in a decision-making situation. We found that nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation induces an increase in anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior at this developmental stage. These findings suggest that maternal nicotine-exposed offspring are at an increased risk of developing anxious and impulsive behavior.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.269-277
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• 2018

NAND flash memory has widely been used because of non-volatility, low power consumption and fast access time. However, it suffers from inability to provide update-in-place and the erase cycle is limited. The unit of read/write operation is a page and the unit of erase operation is a block. Moreover erase operation is slower than other operations. We proposed the Adaptive Garbage Collection (called "AGC") policy which focuses on not only reducing garbage collection process time for real-time guarantee but also wear-leveling for a flash memory lifetime. The AGC performs better than Cost-benefit policy and Greedy policy. But the AGC does not consider the operation characteristics. So we proposed the Advanced Adaptive Garbage Collection (called "A-AGC") policy which considers the page write operation count and block erase operation count. The A-AGC reduces the write operations by considering the data update frequency and update data size. Also, it reduces the erase operations by considering the file fragmentation. We implemented the A-AGC policy and measured the performance compared with the AGC policy. Simulation results show that the A-AGC policy performs better than AGC, specially for append operation.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.51-56
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• 2000

Fly ash used as a cement replacement material increases the long term strength and also improves the durability of concrete and mortar. However, the use of fly ash is a little in spite of great benefit. In order to increase the consumption of fly ash, it has to be used as a cement replacement materials in the production of mortar and concrete, and the reduction of early strength development due to the use of fly ash also has to be diminished. In this study, many chemical compounds which accelerate the early strength was investigated. The $Na_2$$SO_4$, $K_2$$SO_4$, Triethanolamine were selected and applied to the production of mortar. It was found that they enhance the early strength development of mortar(1, 3day) and decrease the amount of $Ca(OH)_2$, and also increase the production of ettringite. According to the results of mercury instruction test, the pores ranged from 0.01 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 5$\mu\textrm{m}$ were decreased and it was also found in the analysis of X ray and SEM that fly ash increases the amount of ettringite at early ages.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2008

Purpose: This study compared the effects of forced air warming and radiant heating on body temperature and shivering of patients with postoperative hypothermia. Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted with two experimental groups who had surgery under general anesthesia; 20 patients of group 1 experimented with the Bair Hugger as a forced air warming and 20 patients of group 2 experimented with the Radiant heater. The study was performed from July 3 to August 31, 2006 in a recovery room of an university hospital in a city. The effects of the experiment were measured by postoperative body temperature and chilling score at arrival and after every 10 minutes. The data were analyzed by t-test or ${\chi}^2$-test, repeated measures ANCOVA using SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The mean body temperature showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and Radiant Heater group at 40 minutes(F=-2.579, p=.034), 50minutes(F=-2.752, p=.027), and 60 minutes(F=-2.470, p=.047) after arrival to the recovery room. So, hypothesis 1 was partially accepted. The mean score of shivering showed differences between the Bair Hugger group and the Radiant Heater group, but it had no significant meaning. Hypothesis 2 was not accepted. Conclusion: We need more study to explore the effects and side effects of heating modalities to select a more effective heat treatment. The efficiency of heat modalities with regards to cost benefit, time consumption, and patients' discomfort such as burns should be considered.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.298-309
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• 2005

As the population of the elderly grows, the prevalence of osteoporosis and its related fractures will increase in both men and women. The etiology, preventive and curative strategies of male osteoporosis are relatively unknown and understudied in comparison with those of female osteoporosis. Even currently approved therapies, e.g. bisphophonates, parathyroid hormone, and testosterone for male osteoporosis are in need of further investigation to test their safety and efficacy. Isoflavones which are found in soy have been shown to positively affect bone by stimulating bone formation while concurrently slowing down bone resorption. These observations mainly come from studies that have employed women or female animal models of osteoporosis. Therefore, there is a need to explore the role of soy and its isoflavones in preventing bone loss or rebuilding bone utilizing men or animal models of .male osteoporosis. From the review of existing literature it is too early to state the extent to which men with osteoporosis can benefit from consumption of soy or its isoflavones. In this review, the efficacy of soy and its isoflavones as alternative and/or adjunctive treatment for male osteoporosis will be discussed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.740-749
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program to prevent breakfast skipping for elementary school children. Subjects were 102 5th grade students (51 boys, 51 girls) as the "education group" and 200 5th grade students (102 boys, 98 girls) as the "non-education group." The nutrition education program consisted of 4 lessons over an 8-week period. Teaching materials, including flash animation, panel, PowerPoint, and a bingo game, were developed for this education program. After education, there was significant increase in the percentage of students who had eaten breakfast every day, understood that breakfast has a great effect on health, and will eat breakfast every day in the education group compared to non-education group. Parents' positive behavior toward daily breakfast preparation and the percentage of parents who had their children eat breakfast every day increased significantly. The students of the education group responded positively to the questions of the benefit and importance of nutrition education. The flash animation received high marks, especially in terms of understanding of contents, content clarity, emphasis of the core content, delivery of necessary knowledge, and applicability of breakfast. This study shows the effectiveness of a 4-lesson nutrition education taught during an 8-week time period to induce changes in recognizing the importance of breakfast and in behavior toward breakfast consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2013

Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication (traditionally important in consumption) is expanding its influence into cyber space and is playing an important role in online shopping. Consumers who use online shopping might not readily make purchasing decisions due to information overload, lack of accurate product recognition, and the distrust of commercial information. Subsequently, people use WOM communication for a mutual interchange with others who share common concerns, interests, and purposes. This study examines the consumer characteristics, perceived risk on online shopping and benefits of online shopping according to WOM behavior that may significantly affect consumer actions. Factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, cluster analysis, and Chi-square analysis were used for statistical analysis to identify the differences in consumer characteristics. Online WOM behavior consumers purchased more various items than offline WOM behavior consumers; however, the most influential purchasing factor was price regardless of WOM behavior. Offline WOM behavior consumers have shown higher perceived online shopping risks and benefits.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2000

Over decades of work, the probiotic research has grown rapidly with a number of new cultures, which is claimed a variety of benefit. However, many of the specific effects attributed to the ingestion of probiotics remain convoluted and scientifically unsubstantiated. Accordingly, the scientific community faces a greater challenge and must objectively seek cause and effect relationships for many potential and currently investigated probiotic species. Rational selection and design of probiotics remains an important challenge and will require a solid information about the physiology and genetics of candidate strains relevant to their intestinal roles, functional activities, and interaction of with other resident micro flora. As far as beneficial culture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is concerned, simple, cost-effective, and exact identification of candidate strains is of foremost importance among others. Until recently, the relatedness of bacterial isolates has been determined sorely by testing for one or several phenotyphic markers, using methods such as serotyping, phage-typing, biotyping, and so forth. However, there are problems in the use of many of these phenotype-based methods. In contrast, some of newer molecular typing methods involving the analysis of DNA offer many advantages over traditional techniques. These DNA-based methods have the greater discriminatory power than that of phenotypic procedures. This review focuses on the importance and the basis of molecular typing methods along with some considerations on de-sign and selection of probiotic culture for human consumption.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.10B
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• pp.876-884
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose an asynchronous MAC protocol to minimize energy usage and to maximize data throughput for a wireless sensor network in multi channel environments. Our proposed SPMC-MAC (Slim Preamble Multi-Channel Media Access Control) adopts the preamble sliming mechanism proposed in [6] that takes advantage of the knowledge about the wakeup time of the receiver node. The preamble contains the receiver's ID and a randomly selected channel ID for data communication, and it is transmitted over a dedicated common channel. The power control has the benefit of keeping an appropriate number of nodes with the communication range, resulting in reduced collision and interference. We compare our SPMC-MAC and X-MAC extensively in terms of energy consumption and throughput using mathematical analysis and simulation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.38-47
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• 2000

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas causing climate change. This study quantified annual direct and indirect uptake of carbon by urban greenspace, and annual carbon release from vegetation maintenance and fossil fuel consumption. The study area was whole Chuncheon and Kangleung, and also two districts of Kangnam and Junglang in Seoul, cities located in middle Korea. Carbon uptake by urban greenspace played an important role through offsetting carbon release by 6-7% annually in Chuncheon and Kangleung. For Kangnam and Junglang, where the population density was relatively higher, urban greenspace annually offset carbon release by 1-2%. Future possible tree plantings could double annual carbon uptake by existing trees in urban lands (except natural and agricultural lands) of a study city. Based on study results, planning and management guidelines for urban greenspace were suggested to save energy and to reduce atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. They included selection of optimum tree species, proper planting location from buildings, design of multilayered planting, amendment of existing regulations for greenspace enlargement, avoidance f intensive vegetation maintenance, and conservation of natural vegetation.