• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.398-412
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• 2000

The purposes of this study are : (a) to investigate the attitude to various coffee and tea of women, (b) to analyze the characteristics of each classified group according to eating frequency, and (c) to abstract the factors which can influence the consumption of coffee and tea. Questionnaires were hand delivered to 1,200 women residing in Seoul. A total of 1012 was usable: resulting in 84% response rate. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS Package program for the one way-analysis of variance(ANOVA), Duncan's multiple comparison test, factor analysis and analysis of covariance (ANOCOVA). (a) Instant coffee was most consumed(22.1 times a month), green tea in tea bag(8.7), Donggulre tea(8.3), Coffee (72) in order of frequency. Among Korean traditional tea Donggulre tea(8.3) and Yuja tea (2.0) were most prefered but still a minute quantity of Korean traditional tea was enjoyed. (b) Coffee and Black tea was regarded unhealthful but habitual, delicious and familiar beverage. Green tea was regarded good for health but not so habitual, practical and familiar. The consumer awareness can be grouped into 3 clases : Healthy factor, Habitual Practical factor, Familiar factor. (c) The sociodemographic characteristics of women influenced the beverage consumption. Women in their 30s and 40s consumed much of instant coffee and coffee. 10s and 20s consumed much of canned coffee. Working women drank much of instant coffee and green tea in tea bag. Women in highest income group$({\geq}\;4,000,000\;won/month)$ consumed much of coffee. (d) The factors which influenced the eating frquency of those beverages were various. The eating frequency of instant coffee was influenced by the age, familiar factor and habitual practical factor. And coffee were influenced by income level, habitual practical factor. The frequency of green tea in tea bag was influenced by habitual practical factor and familiar factor, green tea was influenced by healthy factor and habitual practical factor, Donggulre tea was influenced by habitual practical factor.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Purpose - The purposes of this editorial review are twofold: firstly, to introduce the four flagship international journals of the Korea Distribution Science Association(KODISA): the Journal of Distribution Science(JDS), the Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business(JIDB), the East Asian Journal of Business Management(EAJBM), and the Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business(JAFEB), and secondly, to identify the direction of the KODISA journals and the roles and responsibilities of the editors of the KODISA journals. Research design, data, and methodology - To achieve the goals, firstly, this review paper addresses the current progress of the four KODISA journals: JDS, JIDB, EAJBM, and JAFEB. Secondly, this paper defines the aims and missions of the four KODISA journals. JDS publishes the articles of examining past, current, and emerging trends and concerns in the area of distribution science and economics, logistics and SCM, transportation, distribution channel management, distribution innovation and information technology, merchandising and procurement, distribution and marketing, consumer behavior, and manufacturing, wholesaling, and retailing. JDS publishes both quantitative and qualitative research as well as scholarly commentaries, case studies, book reviews and other types of reports relating to all aspects of distribution. JIDB publishes the articles of examining past, current, and emerging trends and concerns in the areas of industry and corporate behavior, industry policy making, industrial distribution and business, e-commerce, and service industry. EAJBM publishes empirical and theoretical research papers as well as scholarly commentaries, case studies, book reviews, and other types of reports relating to all aspects of East Asian business and economy. JAFEB publishes original research analysis and inquiry into the contemporary issues of finance, economics and business management in Asia, including Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Middle East. The mission of JAFEB is to bring together the latest theoretical and empirical finance, economics and business management research in Asian markets. The audiences of the KODISA journals include higher education institutions, scholars, industry researchers and practitioners, scientists, economists, and policy makers throughout the world. The main mission of the KODISA journals is to provide an intellectual platform for international scholars, promote interdisciplinary studies in social sciences and economics, and become leading journals in the social science and economics category in the world. Thirdly, this paper addresses the current status of indexing in major databases of the KODISA journals, namely: Cabell's Directories, EBSCO, SCOPUS (Elsevier), and Social Sciences Citation Index^® (SSCI, Thomson Reuters). Fourthly, this paper identifies the roles and responsibilities of the editors of the KODISA journals as the following: (1) Make sure that the journal be published in a timely manner and in international standards both in print and online versions. (2) Maintain the online homepage of the journal is always accessible to, and (3) Make sure that every article should go through a peer review process that meets international standards. Findings and conclusion - To accomplish the goals and missions of the KODISA journals, the editors of the KODISA journals must work together to publish high scholarly journals that meet international standards of journal publications.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fast food intake, choice, and satisfaction on age among 311 people living in the metropolitan area. The frequency of fast food intake was high in the 20s and 30s, and those in the 40s and over 50s were low, showing a significant difference according to age. Costs for fast food purchases mainly ranged from 5,000 won to 7,000 won. Major sources of information on choosing fast food were mainly from friends and the internet in 20s, and mass media from over 30s. Thirty-nine percent of subjects responded that their dietary habits changed after fast food intake, and the most changes was to like spicy food, followed by eating-out times increased. The factors affecting the choice of fast food were mainly easy to eat, followed by time was not influenced and taste, and taste showed significant difference according to age. Among the subjects who were worried about fast food, 30s showed mainly increase in body weight and over 50s had health problem, and a significant difference was observed according to age. For the improvements in fast food intake, subjects answered in nutrition, hygiene and price in order. Fast food brands, services, menus were the most satisfied in 30s, and 40s were the most unsatisfied, and there was a significant difference. In conclusion, the frequency of fast food intake was higher in young people, and the choice of fast food and satisfaction appeared to be significantly influenced by age. Therefore, data are required to recognize and practice a balanced diet by activating studies on the fast food intake of middle-aged and elderly people and understanding consumer changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1560-1570
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences according to lifestyle in anthropometric measurement, dietary attitude, health-related behaviors and nutrient intake among the college students. The subjects were 994 nation-wide college students (male: 385, female: 609) and divided into 7 clusters (PEAO: passive economy/appearance-oriented type, NCPR: non-consumption/pursuit of relationship type, PTA: pursuit of traditional actuality type, PAT: pursuit of active health type, UO: utility-oriented type, POF: pursuit of open fashion type, PFR: pursuit of family relations type). A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self administered questionnaire, and the data were collected via Internet or by mail. The nutrient intake data collected from food record were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Data were analyzed by a SPSS 12.0 program. Average age of male and female college students were 23.7 years and 21.6 years, respectively. Most of the college students had poor eating habits. In particular, about 60% of the PEAO group has irregularity in meal time. The students in PAH and POF groups showed significantly higher consumption frequency of fruits, meat products and foods cooked with oil compared to the other groups. As for exercise, drinking and smoking, there were significant differences between PAH and the other groups. Asked for the reason for body weight control, 16.2% of NCPR group answered "for health", but 24.8% of PEAO group and 26.3% of POF group answered "for appearance". Calorie, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, calcium and iron intakes of all the groups were lower than the Korean DRIs. Female students in PTA group showed significantly lower vitamin $B_1$ and niacin intakes compared to the PFR group. Therefore, these results provide nation-wide information on health-related behaviors and nutrient intake according to lifestyles among Korean college students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate current nutrition labeling status, levels of recognition and patterns of consumption of domestically processed meat products. The survey results show that 47.4% of products (81 out of 171) were labeled with nutrition information. Where general product labeling and nutrition labeling were provided, it was read by 84.9% and 66.8% of the survey subjects, respectively. The most common reasons for not reading product labeling were 'hard to understand it' (46.2%) and 'not concerned' (30.8%). This was attributed to respondents finding it 'useless' (39.3%) and 'hard to understand the nutrition contents' (32.8%). As for the positive effect of enforcing a nutrition labeling system, 62% of respondents affirmed 'ease of selecting products which are good for health'. The reading of general product labeling showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with the reading of nutrition labeling. The amount the nutrition labeling was read showed a negative correlation (p<0.05) with comprehension of the information on the nutrition labeling contained. Therefore, providing more information on the nutrition labeling for the consumers of processed meat products and also educating them more comprehensively about the nutrition, which would ultimately help them improve their dietary life, is needed.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.111-133
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• 2010

Marketing financial services used to be easier. Today, the competition in financial services is fierce. Not only has the competition become more intense, financial services have also changed structurally. In an environment with various customer needs and severe competitions, the marketing in financial services industry is getting more difficult and more important than before. However, there are still not enough studies on financial services marketing in Korea whereas lots of research papers have been published frequently in some international journals. The purpose of this paper is (1)to review the literature on financial services marketing, (2)to investigate current marketing activities based on in-depth interview with financial marketing managers in Korea, and (3)to suggest some implications for future research on the financial services marketing. Financial products are not consumer products. In fact, they are not products at all in the way product marketing is usually described. Nor are they altogether like services. The financial industry operates in a unique way, and its marketing tasks are correspondingly complex. However, the literature review shows that there has been a lack of basic studies which dealt with inherent characteristics of financial services marketing compared to the research on marketing in other industries. Many studies in domestic marketing journals have so far focused only on the general customer behaviors and the special issues in some financial industries. However, for more effective financial services marketing, we have to answer following questions. Is there any difference between financial service marketing and consumer packaged goods marketing? What are the differences between the financial services marketing and other services marketing such as education and health services? Are there different ways of marketing among banks, securities firms, insurance firms, and credit card companies? In other words, we need more detailed research as well as basic studies about the financial services marketing. For example, we need concrete definitions of financial services marketing, bank marketing, securities firm marketing, and etc. It is also required to compare the characteristics of each marketing within the financial services industry. The products sold in each market have different characteristics such as duration and degree of risk-taking. It means that there are sub-categories in financial services marketing. We have to consider them in the future research on the financial services marketing. It is also necessary to study customer decision making process in the financial markets. There have been little research on how customers search and process information, compare alternatives, make final decision, and repeat their choices. Because financial services have some unique characteristics, we need different understandings in the customer behaviors compared to the behaviors in other service markets. And also considering the rapid growth in financial markets and upcoming severe competition between domestic and global financial companies, it is time to start more systematic and detailed research on financial services marketing in Korea. In the second part of this paper, I analyzed the results of in-depth interview with 20 marketing managers of financial services companies in Korea. As a result, I found that the role of marketing departments in Korean financial companies are mainly focused on the short-term activities such as sales support, promotion, and CRM data analysis although the size and history of marketing departments to some extent show a sign of maturity. Most companies established official marketing departments before 2001. Average number of employees in a marketing department is about 58. However, marketing managers in eight companies(40% of the sample) still think that the purpose of marketing is only to support and manage general sales activities. It shows that some companies have sales-oriented concept rather than marketing-oriented concept. I also found three key words which marketing managers think importantly in financial services markets. They are (1)Trust in customer relationship, (2)Brand differentiation, and (3)Rapid response to customer needs. 50% of the sample support that "Trust" is the most important key word in the financial services marketing. It is interesting that 80% of banks and securities companies think that "Trust" is the most important thing, whereas managers in credit card companies consider "Rapid response to customer needs" as the most important key word in their market. In addition, there are different problems recognition of marketing managers depending on the types of financial industries they belong to. For example, in the case of banks and insurance companies, marketing managers consider "a lack of communication with other departments" as the most serious problem. On the other hand, in the case of securities firms, "a lack of utilization of customer data" is the most serious problem. These results imply that there are different important factors for the customer satisfaction depending on the types of financial industries, and managers have to consider them when marketing financial products in more effective ways. For example, It will be necessary for marketing managers to study different important factors which affect customer satisfaction, repeat purchase, degree of risk-taking, and possibility of cross-selling according to the types of financial industries. I also suggested six hypothetical propositions for the future research.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.547-561
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to segment the delivery food market and to develop customized products and services. Methods: This study analyzed 636 responses collected from customers who ordered delivery food. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS program (ver. 25.0) for frequency analysis, χ²-test, one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. Results: Four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis (safety-orientation, convenience-orientation, taste-orientation, and economy-orientation) to explain the consumers' food-related lifestyles. The results of cluster analysis indicated that the 'low-interest group', 'convenience and economy-oriented group', and 'gourmet and economy-oriented group' should be regarded as the target segments. Characteristic analysis of each cluster showed that lowinterest group had higher rates of married (67.1%) and living with family (85.4%) than other clusters. The convenience and the economy-oriented group had higher rates of living alone (28.9%) than others. The gourmet and the economy-oriented group had a higher percentage of unmarried (62.0%) than the others. In addition, the average age of convenience and economy-oriented group (32.3 years) and gourmet and economy-oriented group (32.5 years) were significantly lower than the safety seeker (40.0 years) (p < 0.001). Difference analysis of the consumption practice according to the cluster, revealed significant differences in the order frequency (p < 0.001), main day to order (p < 0.05), source of information about delivery food (p < 0.001), order method (p < 0.001), and co-consumer (p < 0.01). In addition, the convenience and the economy-oriented group had significantly higher overall satisfaction than the others (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that customer segmentation based on a food-related lifestyle can be used to build a successful marketing strategy. Therefore, restaurant managers and delivery platform operators should consider developing products and services according to the segmentation to maximize customer satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.236-250
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide baseline data regarding functional cosmetics so that Inula. based cosmetics can increase its competitiveness in the market as well as to understand current trends to enable anticipation of demands for future product development. For this research, general consumers over the age of 20 residing in Seoul and the Gyeonggi district were surveyed. The results show consumers preferred serum-type products among various types of cosmetics, and that they purchased these once every 1-3 months. Consumers also preferred these products in less than 10-30ml capacity, and at costs of less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. For whitening, functional cosmetics consumers also preferred the serum type, in less than 30-50ml capacity and priced less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. Consumers preferred to purchase functional cosmetics in single units. The major purchasing location, with a high preference rate, was cosmetic stores, and the major sources of information, also with high preference rates, were 'experienced reviews from family, friends and acquaintances' and 'TV advertisements'. Respondents selected 'over 50,000 KRW' the most for all items when responding to 'Purchase Intent for Functional Cosmetics containing Inula', and responded that they were willing to pay 10%-30% more for functional cosmetics containing Inula compared to standard functional cosmetics. These results show that businesses in the cosmetics industry need to take consumer demand into account when developing new functional cosmetic products, as well as establish plans to create specialized spaces that provide better quality service and increase word of mouth effect through better utilization of various types of offline media, social media, and blogs. The study also shows a need for businesses to develop products fully utilizing the Inula flower, which has been shown to be effective as a natural skin whitener, wrinkle reducer and skin moisturizer, to appeal to the increasing number of customers interested in health and beauty.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.135-149
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• 2020

Artificial intelligences are changing world. Financial market is also not an exception. Robo-Advisor is actively being developed, making up the weakness of traditional asset allocation methods and replacing the parts that are difficult for the traditional methods. It makes automated investment decisions with artificial intelligence algorithms and is used with various asset allocation models such as mean-variance model, Black-Litterman model and risk parity model. Risk parity model is a typical risk-based asset allocation model which is focused on the volatility of assets. It avoids investment risk structurally. So it has stability in the management of large size fund and it has been widely used in financial field. XGBoost model is a parallel tree-boosting method. It is an optimized gradient boosting model designed to be highly efficient and flexible. It not only makes billions of examples in limited memory environments but is also very fast to learn compared to traditional boosting methods. It is frequently used in various fields of data analysis and has a lot of advantages. So in this study, we propose a new asset allocation model that combines risk parity model and XGBoost machine learning model. This model uses XGBoost to predict the risk of assets and applies the predictive risk to the process of covariance estimation. There are estimated errors between the estimation period and the actual investment period because the optimized asset allocation model estimates the proportion of investments based on historical data. these estimated errors adversely affect the optimized portfolio performance. This study aims to improve the stability and portfolio performance of the model by predicting the volatility of the next investment period and reducing estimated errors of optimized asset allocation model. As a result, it narrows the gap between theory and practice and proposes a more advanced asset allocation model. In this study, we used the Korean stock market price data for a total of 17 years from 2003 to 2019 for the empirical test of the suggested model. The data sets are specifically composed of energy, finance, IT, industrial, material, telecommunication, utility, consumer, health care and staple sectors. We accumulated the value of prediction using moving-window method by 1,000 in-sample and 20 out-of-sample, so we produced a total of 154 rebalancing back-testing results. We analyzed portfolio performance in terms of cumulative rate of return and got a lot of sample data because of long period results. Comparing with traditional risk parity model, this experiment recorded improvements in both cumulative yield and reduction of estimated errors. The total cumulative return is 45.748%, about 5% higher than that of risk parity model and also the estimated errors are reduced in 9 out of 10 industry sectors. The reduction of estimated errors increases stability of the model and makes it easy to apply in practical investment. The results of the experiment showed improvement of portfolio performance by reducing the estimated errors of the optimized asset allocation model. Many financial models and asset allocation models are limited in practical investment because of the most fundamental question of whether the past characteristics of assets will continue into the future in the changing financial market. However, this study not only takes advantage of traditional asset allocation models, but also supplements the limitations of traditional methods and increases stability by predicting the risks of assets with the latest algorithm. There are various studies on parametric estimation methods to reduce the estimated errors in the portfolio optimization. We also suggested a new method to reduce estimated errors in optimized asset allocation model using machine learning. So this study is meaningful in that it proposes an advanced artificial intelligence asset allocation model for the fast-developing financial markets.