• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-207
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• 2012

Today's consumers perceive consumption as a representation of themselves. It is not simply an act that fulfills a consumer's physical and practical needs. Even in terms of life quality, consumers increasingly want to achieve an emotional and sensible experience through consumption. Consumers now make decisions based on their need to express their position in relation to other people, pursue emotional satisfaction, and try to improve the quality of life. Culture-art products that meet such internal and external demands of consumers have made significant improvements in both quantity and quality, because of the social interest and policy support. The recognition of personal and social values of culture and arts has brought about interest in and need for culture-art products. Businesses have agilely embraced such change and actively implemented various marketing strategies utilizing culture and arts. For example, businesses began to sponsor artists who produce culture-art products while building facilities for cultural and art performances or exhibitions. Businesses have also provided performances and exhibitions free-of-charge or at affordable prices. As a result, the supply in the market has started to exceed its demand as is often the case in many of other markets. However, such imbalance has occurred not because of over-supply but because of a lack of demand. Given these circumstances, the government and culture and art related organizations, which had mainly concentrated on the supply side, started to recognize the importance of creating personal and social values in culture and arts. As a result, the government and various organizations are now creating various strategies that include policy measures to achieve their new found goal. Unfortunately however, such efforts are not meeting the expectations. Focusing on above-mentioned circumstances and problems, this study aims to find measures to create demand for culture-art products in the internal conditions of those who consume culture-art products. In other words, given that the demand for culture-art products has not increased despite all external conditions to encourage consumption, this study aims to find the reasons in consumers' value judgment on culture-art products. Though there were recent studies on culture-art products that applied consumer behavior on marketing theories, most of them focused on peripheral aspects such as people's motivation for or satisfaction from watching culture-art events. Hence, there is a need to understand what kind of value consumers perceive from culture-art products and how such value cognition leads to consumption in a comprehensive manner. This study acts as follow-up to a separate study entitled "Qualitative Study about Value Cognition and Benefits of Consumer on Culture-Art Products". The current study aims to extend practical implications that enhance the effectiveness of marketing strategies among the producing and policy agencies in the industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate dimensions of value cognition, benefits and attributes of culture-art products, and identify the effects of consumer value cognition on benefits and attributes. The questionnaire was developed based on the conceptual structure of qualitative research and previous researches. It was composed of value cognition, benefits, attributes of culture-art products and demographic variables. This survey was conducted on-line and off-line among a total of 662 persons ranging from their teens to their 50's who were living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, various metropolitan cities, and small and medium-sized cities. The data collected was analyzed by factor analysis and path analysis using SPSS WIN 18.0 and AMOS 16.0. This empirical study found that the dimensions of value cognition of culture-art products were categorized into personal goods, aesthetic goods and public property. This shows that the consumers perceive culture-art products as products that are worthy enough to pay the costs not just for personal benefits but also for their social values. Also the formation of value cognition for culture-art products requires special conditions unlike that for physical consumer goods and services, which simply require marketing stimuli. The dimensions of benefits pursued by consuming culture-art products were found to be composed of four types - pursuit of aesthetic benefits, pursuit of actual benefits, pursuit of emotional benefits, and pursuit of conspicuous character. This result implies that people consume culture-art products not just to pursue pleasure from emotional and intelligent satisfaction as well as social relations, but also to seek the needs and benefits embodied at a social level. The dimensions of attributes of culture-art products had seven different factors, - environmental, price, evaluation, people, artwork, composition, and personal relations - which is plentiful. This is because the attributes of culture-art products are very complicated compared to other consumer goods or services. Since culture-art products include not just cultural or artistic works but also all physical, human, environmental, and systemic elements of the products in a comprehensive manner, consumers perceive everything they experience in the process of consuming culture-art products as part of the products. The dimensions of value cognition was found to affect attributes of the products, mostly using pursued benefits as a mediating factors. This result is consistent with the result of qualitative research, and proves that applying the means-end chain theory in the reverse direction is reasonable. The result can be interpreted that consumers' value cognitions for culture-art products turns into actual benefits leading to consumers' decisions. Furthermore, this result reveals that when consumers choose culture-art products, they take into account the attributes of culture-art products depending on the benefits they pursue. These results confirm that despite their conceptual and abstract attributes, culture-art products have values that contribute to actual benefits for individual consumers and society. Hence, value cognition generates benefits to be pursued and this in turn affects the consumers' choices of attributes on products. Based on the conceptual structure of consumers' value cognitions on culture-art products and its dimensions, it is possible to find detailed methods to provide opportunities for education and training to form and reinforce positive value cognition on culture-art products. And through those methods, it will be possible to develop attributes of culture-art products according to the dimensions of pursued benefits, and allow conceptual products become the subject to valuable consumption in real life. These results provide theoretical understanding of consumer behavior in culture marketing and useful information to culture-art producers, companies that use culture and art, and government agencies that use culture-art as a mean to improve the public perception of quality of life. As a follow up on this study, there should be experimental studies that can develop criteria visualizing the demands of consumers who purchase culture-art products and identify their detailed attributes. Studies that compare characteristics of different areas within the culture-art product category and in-depth studies on a specific area or genre will also be needed. In order to develop marketing strategies for culture-art products, studies on the formation and reinforcement of positive value cognition on culture-art products and education for the development of consumer demand as well as on the development and differentiation of attributes of culture-art products depending on types of consumer groups should also follow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.369-374
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• 1989

This study was designed to evaluate the sensory characteristics and consumer preference of dog meat foods as compared with beef ones. The sensory evaluation was conducted by a 10-member trained panel and 109 persons ranging in age from 23 to 59 participated in the consumer research. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The sensory characteristics. 1) In case of the meats boiled in water, it did not show any significant differences between dog and cow's meat in color as well as off-flavor. On the contrary, the other characteristics such as odor, tenderness, juiciness and oiliness of dog meat were evaluated stronger than those of beef. 2) when the meats were cooked as Tang (a kind of soup), the dog meat did not show any significant differences from beef not only in color and off-flavor but also in odor. 2. The consumer preference. 1) It appeared that consumers somewhat preferred beef Tang to dog meat Tang. However, they rated dog meat Tang as the 'neither liked nor disliked' food on an average. 2) Male consumers showed higher preference than female did for the dog meat tang. On the overall, dog meat foods are regarded to have some desirable sensory characteristics and can be acceptable to most people.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 2008

This study examines the influence of acculturation level and ethnic groups as a fashion reference group on Korean-American consumer attitude toward luxury fashion brands. Of interest is the role of Korean culture, which emphasizes luxury brand consumption due to the Confucion value of 'face', on Korean-American attitudes toward luxury brands. Data were collected from 108 young Korean-Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and multiple regressions were conducted for the analysis. In general, the respondents had relatively negative attitudes toward luxury fashion brands. Even though the acculturation level did not have a significant influence, attitudes toward luxury fashion brands were influenced by Korean reference groups. Age at immigration did not have a significant relationship with attitudes toward luxury brands. Korean-Americans who maintain ties with Korean culture are more likely to have a positive attitude towards luxury fashion, regardless of familarity with American culture.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2020

Going shopping would be a very reasoned and well-planned activity, however, at the same time, it would not. People may go shopping just for fun and as their leisure. The motivations for going shopping and their experiences cannot be fully explained with the economic utility or the information-processing model. Thus, this study explored the hedonic aspect of the experiences of shopping as an alternative explanation to consumers' motivations of shopping and discussed retail advertising and marketing plans. An in-depth interview was conducted to obtain a better understanding about hedonic value, and it was found that hedonic value affects a consumer's shopping experience and that understanding consumers' motivations for shopping and establishing competitive advertising and marketing plans is important in drawing more consumers. Strategic implications for establishing further retail advertising and marketing plans obtained from the findings were also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2011

This study analyzed consumer attitude, habit strength, subjective norm, a pros evaluation, and intention to consume to estimate perceptible variables that affect apple consumption. Data were collected from 207 men and women through a selfadministrated questionnaire. A partial least squares regression was conducted as one of structural equation models to estimate and test hypotheses. The results showed that attitude, habit strength, and the pros evaluation affected the intention to consume apples, and that the intention increased apple consumption. The results also showed that some marketing strategies are needed to promote apple consumption and to make consumers change their intention, to develop habits for eating apples by changing their diets, and to impress upon them that apples are good for health. This can be interpreted as meaning that it is most important to understand consumer behavior, particularly consumer psychology, which is reflected in the recent trend of marketing that concentrates on meeting the consumer's needs rather than the producer's.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

This study examined how the consumers' perception of GM food affects their purchasing behavior. In addition, this study investigated how the amount of knowledge a consumer has regarding GM food affects their perception of this type of food. The quantitative research method was used to collect data. The data from a self-administered survey, which was conducted in South Korea, was analyzed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis methods. The results of the survey indicate that most respondents may have unknowingly purchased GM food. Further, the respondents reported that they likely had known about or had heard of GM food. In addition, the survey indicated that the amount of knowledge possessed by the respondents regarding GM food greatly affected their perceptions of this type of food. These findings will contribute to the current GM food market by providing the food market with additional information relating to the consumers' perceptions of GM food.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.468-484
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were (1) to segment female college students' apparel shoppers into unique apparel buying decision-making style groups; and (2) to profile for each segment in terms of personal characteristics (material values, change seeking tendency and prestige sensitivity) and fashion information sources. Data were collected through questionnaires from convenient sample of 290 female college students. As a result of cluster analysis and univariate analysis of variance, distinctive consumer decision-making style groups of consumers were identified; Value-maximizing Recreational Shoppers, Brand-Maximizing Emotional Shoppers, and Apathetic Shoppers. These three groups were compared as to the effect of personal characteristics variables and fashion information sources through univariate analysis of variance and chi-square statistics. The result showed that personal characteristics (material values, change seeking tendency and prestige sensitivity) and fashion-information sources do influence the consumer decision-making styles and that these three groups were unique in their decision-making characteristics showing that consumer decision-making styles can be a good segmentation base for apparel market.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.405-438
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• 2009

This study aims to analyse the consumer and regional dwellers preferences of nonghyup influenced by contributions of socio-economical using ordered logit model. The survey data were obtained from 225 adults in Chungnam province, cross sectional data in 2007. This paper especially estimates the impact of socio-economic characteristics, such as sex, occupation, school career, and emotional and subjective recognition of contributions of regional socio-economical and culture development, social welfare, It also examines the impact of recognition of cooperational level with local government's policy, customer satisfaction ratings, degree of business ethics. The main results are as follows; the consumer and regional dwellers preferences of nonghyup is not affected by sex, occupation, school career. But the consumer and regional dwellers preferences of nonghyup is influenced by emotional and subjective recognition of contributions of regional socio-economical and culture development, social welfare, It also influenced by emotional and subjective recognition of policy cooperation level with local government, customer satisfaction ratings, degree of business ethics.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 2021

The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a huge impact on human life. The World Bank group (WBG) has stated that 2020 is the worst year since World War II for economic growth. An epidemic of an infectious disease such as COVID-19 is classified as a "social disaster" by law. The social disaster caused by COVID-19 puts certain industries, occupations and vulnerable groups at risk of exclusion and isolation. This paper intends to examine the fluctuations in the consumer price index in the cultural, sports and tourism sector before and after the onset of COVID-19. In addition, it predicts the consumer price index by sector until December 2021 and reveals its implications.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 2020

This study are to show the relation between ethical consumption consciousness, life meaning and happiness of life. Specifically, this study aims to examine the mediation effects of the meaning of life in the relationship of the ethical consumption consciousness and happiness, a survey was conducted by collecting 265 valid questionnaires. SPSS and AMOS statistical package were used to examine the relationships between variables. The results showed that ethical consumption consciousness had a significantly positive effect on life meaning. It was also found that life meaning had a positive effect on happiness of life. This study is significant in the sense that it identifies ethical consumerism consciousness has a positive influence on life meaning and consumer happiness. In particular, the mediating effect of the meaning of life, which is drawing attention in various research fields, was confirmed in the relationship between ethical consumption consciousness and happiness. This study can be used as effective information for further ethical consumption education and suggested implications for enhancing ethical consumption consciousness and happiness in various ways.