• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.41-49
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• 2022

Background Abdominal obesity, a major public health concern, is related to many health problems. In addition, it is influenced by individual characteristics. We investigated sleep quality and physical activity (PA) as risk factors for abdominal obesity, according to the Sasang constitutional medicine. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 5,221 community-based participants. Sleep quality and PA were measured using structured questionnaires, and abdominal obesity was classified according to waist circumference. Sasang constitution (SC) was classified as Taeeumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), or Soyangin (SY) type, using an established SC questionnaire. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to access the association of sleep quality and PA with abdominal obesity in individuals stratified according to the SC types. Results The percentage of poor sleep quality and inactive PA was the highest in the SE type, and the higher prevalence of abdominal obesity was found in the TE type. After adjusting for variables, inactive PA was associated with abdominal obesity in the TE type (OR=1.694, 95% CI=1.42-2.021), and in the SE type, abdominal obesity was associated with poor sleep quality (OR=1.688, 95% CI=1.091-2.611) and low PA (OR=2.127, 95% CI=1.163-3.89). Moreover, the combination of these two factors were also significantly associated with abdominal obesity in the TE and SE types. Conclusion Abdominal obesity was associated with sleep quality and PA, and these results were different in each SC type. Taking various associated lifestyles and individual characteristics in consideration may contribute to better management of abdominal obesity in clinical practice.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2006

1. Objective & Method The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. 163 children's voices were analyzed with 74 factors using PSSC-2004. 2. Results (1) In male children group, Taeumin's APQ4 was significantly low compared with the others. (2) In male children group, Taeumin's octave 5 & octave 6 were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (3) In male children group, Taeumin's Time Domain Total Sum / Time Domain Count & Frequency Domain Total Sum / count(0) were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (4) In male children group, Taeumin's 0k-2k total sum & 2k-4k total sum were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (5) In male children group, Taeumin's 2k-4k deviation was significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (6) In male children group, Taeumin's D# Total Energy & F# Total Energy were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (7) In male children group, Taeumin's D# deviation & F# deviation were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (8) In female children group, Soyangin's center frequency (7) was significantly high compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post hoc. 3. Coclusion With these results, we got some information for standardization of the clinical diagnosis guideline of Sasang constitutional type classification using PSSC-2004 in the Korean children

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.83-95
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. It analyzed the adult male and female voices into 23factors using PSSC-2004. The study was conducted by subjects inputting 2.5-3 sec of [a] in 586 men and women's voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, male group, female group. The group with a total of 586 was composed of 155 Soyangin, 230 Taeumin and 201 Soeumin. The male group was composed with 61 Soyangin, 127 Taeumin and 87 Soeumin. The female group was composed with 94 Soyangin, 103 Taeumin and 114 Soeumin. Taeyangin were excluded for a more accurate statistical analysis. 2. Results (I) In total group, Taeumin's peak sum was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.021). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (2) In total group, the Soyangin's rank6, rank7 and rank8 were significantly high compared with the others (P=0.050)(0.043)(0.034). (3) In total group, the Soyangin's rank9 was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.025). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (4) In male group, the Soyangin's code3 was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.050). (5) In male group, the Soyangin's code1 was significantly low compared with the others(P=0.004). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (6) In male group, the Soyangin's rank1, rank2, rank3 and rank4 were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.017)(0.008) (0.005)(0.002). They were significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post mortem. (7) In female group, the Taeumin's code1 was significantly low compared with the others(P=0.016). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem. 3. Conclusion From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard gide for constitutional diagnosis by analyzation of the voices.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1192-1198
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• 2004

Sasang Constitutional Medicine is a major branch of Korean Traditional Medicine. The differences of disease susceptibility to be shown in Sasang constitution may be due to genetic factors. Therefore, I examined interrelationship among cerebral infarction (CI), apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene polymorphism, and Sasang constitutional classification. Apo E is a key protein modulating the highly atherogenic apoB containing lipoproteins and is a candidate gene for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). The ε2 and/or ε4 alleles were the first to be implicated in premature CAD, which resulted in this polymorphism being extensively studied. I investigated the association between apo E genotype and CI by case-control study in a Korean population. I also classified CI patients and control group into groups according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 218 CI patients and 379 controls without CI were examined. Apo E genotype was determined by 8% polyacrylamide gel separation after DNA amplification. A frequency of apo E ε3/ε3 in the apo E genotype distribution was higher in the CI patients compared with that in controls. Also, it was widely known that Taeumin was easily attacked with CI, but there was no association between apo E polymorphim and Taeumin. However, the Taeumin constitution did not enhance the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apo E ε2 and/or ε4 alleles. No differences in the apo E genotypes frequencies were observed in the Taeumin compared with that in the other constitutions. In addition, I investigated whether the DD(deletion/deletion) or ID(insertion/deletion) genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, a candidate gene for CI, was associated with CI, Taeumin constitution, and apo E polymorphism. As a result, the frequency of Taeumin constitution was significantly higher in CI patients with both apo E ε3/ε4 and ACE ID/DD genotypes than in the remaining Sasang constitutions. In summary, it was concluded that the apo E polymorphism is a major risk factor for CI in Koreans and the ACE ID/DD genotype enhanced the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apo E ε3/ε4 genotype and Taeumin constitution.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2011

1. Objective: This literary review investigates Lee Jema's clinical experiences with Soyang-type patients and their influence on his conceptualization of the Soyang physiology and pathology. 2. Methods: 1) The case reports in "Soyang constitutional type: Spleen Cold-based Exterior-Cold disease" were compared before and after the Sinchuk revision to explore the temporal change in the Sasang medical concepts. 2) The texts in Donguisusebowon (Gabo edition) and Donguisusebowon (Sasangchobongwon) were analyzed to investigate the pathological concepts appearing before the completion of the Donguisusebowon (Gabo edition). 3) The texts in Donguisusebowon (Sinchuk edition) was analyzed to investigate the pathological concepts formed between the Gabo and Sinchuk editions of Donguisusebowon. 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Gabo edition : The Gabo edition divided the External-origin Exterior disease into Cold-dominant (Heat-moderate) and Heat-dominant (Cold-moderate) patterns and differentiated the severity of Exterior-based Exterior disease and Interior-based Interior disease into mild, moderate, severe, and critical conditions. Cold-damage Delirium disease pattern was categorized as an Interior-based Interior disease, and the treatment protocol using Baekho-tang (Baihu-tang) was established. The stool condition and bowel movement reflecting the patient's defecation habits, the prime indicator of health in the Soyang constitutional type, were emphasized on their importance. 2) Sinchuk edition: The Delirium disease pattern was moved into the Exterior-cold disease, and the treatment protocol applying Jihwangbaekho-tang (Dihuangbaihu-tang) and Hyeongbangsabaek-san (Jingfangxiebai-san), with variational usage of Gypsum, was newly established. The Seong-Jeong and basal disease patterns were suggested as important factors in treating the patients. Also, it was proposed that the symptoms and signs reflecting the condition of the life-preserving energy be assessed to understand the patient's current condition. The importance of post-acute rehabilitation and aftercare as well as the most appropriate acute-stage treatment were emphasized.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2008

1. Objectives and Methods This study was performed to investigate the relationship between Sasang constitution and decision making style. Subjects were 69 men and 45 women. Decision making style score, physical measurements and results were measured and analyzed according to Sasang constitution. 2. Results Soeumin group had significantly high score in rational score compared with those of Soyangin. Soyangin group had significantly high score in intuitive score compared with those of Soeumin. Soeumin group had significantly high score in dependent score compared with those of Taeeumin. According to binary logistic regression analysis for decision making style score, Sasang constitution were significant risk factors and ORs of Taeeumin were significantly higer than those of Soyangin in rational score, ORs of Soyangin were significantly higer than those of Soeumin in intuitive score, and ORs of Soeumin were significantly higer than those of Taeeumin in dependent Score. 3. Conclusions Soyangin had significantly high score in intuitive score. Soeumin had significantly high score in dependent score. We found many evidences that Soyangin is intuitive style and Soeumin dependent style in the text of ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Suse Bowon${\lrcorner}$ and other research. But as far as Taeeumin was concerned, the result of Taeeurnin’s was not coincident with other research. More cases and research were needed to confirm the personality and phychological type of Taeeumin. This study result will be an important method that classify Sasang Costitution and consultation of student career decision making and studying attitude.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.282-296
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• 2013

The study classified 83 obese adults by constitution and had them follow a strict diet according to their constitution in order to see if the Yin-Yang method would be effective on the metabolic syndrome, which is one of the main causes of death in Korea. Overall, the application of both Yin and Yang methods improved the following factors: weight, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, neutral fats and total cholesterol. In particular, the Yin constitution group of men showed more improvements than the Yang constitution group. Furthermore, waist circumference and the prevalence rate of systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, total cholesterol and metabolic syndrome were decreased noticeably. Total energy intake was increased in both men and women after the constitutional diet, along with the increase of nutrient intake, such as dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, among others. Among various nutrients, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, vitamin B6, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron intake were increased noticeably after the constitutional diet. In addition, subjects' intake of all nutrients, except for magnesium, satisfied the nutrition intake standards. Further, the nutrients adequacy ratio (NAR) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) improved for both men and women. The intake of potatoes, starch, greens and mushrooms increased noticeably, whereas the intake of meat, dairy, drinks and alcohol decreased after the constitutional diet. For the Yin constitution, the intake of Yin foods noticeably decreased, where as the intake of Yang foods decreased for the Yang constitution. In conclusion, the constitutional diet effectively improves the metabolic syndrome. Among many nutrients, the intake of dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E, potassium and magnesium is positively associated with the improvement of metabolic syndrome biomarkers.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.71-74
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• 2007

Background : Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is the field of traditional Korean medicine that emphasize four constitutional types for diagnosis and treatment. Appearance, personalities and pathological characteristics are main factors of Sasang constitutional classification. Previous studies carried out by the pulse analyzer showed that the pulse wave can discriminate these types. In addition, It was reported that the pulse wave are affected by age and sexuality. In this study, we investigated the pulse wave characteristics related Sasang constitution types in control group regarding their age and sexuality. Subjects and Method : Two hudred and eighteen volunteers participated in this study: healthy men in $20{\sim}49$ years old. Participants were interviewed and examined to evaluate their health condition and Sasang constitution type. Then they were tested with pulse analyzer when they ere stabilized. The pulse at the radial artery just beside styloid process was measured, because this area is landmark for pulse diagnosis in oriental medicine. 3-D Mac pulse analyzer (Daeyo Medi Co. Ansan. Korea) was used in this study. We analyzed main features of pulse waves with the Sasang condtitution types by the SPSS for Windows (ver 12.0). Results : There was significant difference between Taeum and other types in contact pressure as weil as in coefficient of floating and sinking pulse. Conclusion : By analyzing pulse waves of healthy adult men. we found significant differences exist between Taeum and other types. These pulse differences may characterize Taeum type, and it will be helpful for the evaluation of Taeum type.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.17-33
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• 2012

Objectives We aimed to analyze the meanings of ordinary symptoms and the developing aspects of present symptoms according to the ordinary symptoms based on the Soeumin pathology, and present the new methodology to make use of the ordinary symptoms in the clinical field. Methods The Soeumin symptomatology and pathology of the Sinchuk Edition (the upgraded and revised edition) of "Donguisusebowon" were reviewed and examined for relevant information on the ordinary symptoms. Results and Conclusions 1) In the Soeumin symptomatology, the representative symptoms, by which the aspects of whole physio-pathological conditions can be decided, were showed as ordinary symptoms, and especially the aggravated state of the deflection of Seong-Jeong are presented additionally in the ordinary symptoms of the unfavorable patterns of Exterior and Interior symptomatologies. 2) In the Soeumin symptomatology, the ordinary symptoms have the clinical meanings as 'pathological predisposition', and can be estimated as one symptomatology in the whole schemes of symptomatology. 3) In the Soeumin symptomatology, the ordinary symptoms can affect the present symptoms, and can be the principal factors in the pattern identifications of the present symptoms and the determinations of therapeutical prescriptions. 4) In the Soeumin symptomatology, the ordinary symptoms can develop to the present symptoms across the Interior or the Exterior symptomatologies within the categories of the favorable and unfavorable patterns, and this developing aspects can be explained from the Soeumin pathological perspective.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This study is to investigate the relationship between Intima Media Thickness(IMT) of common carotid artery and Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods: 839 persons, over 40 years old, participated in community-based cohort of Korea Genome and Epiedemiology Study (KOGES) in Wonju City and Pyeongchang City of South Korea from June 2006 to February 2008. The diagnosis of Common carotid Intima Media Thickness was evaluated by B Mode ultrasonography, cardiovascular risk factors were checked using questionnaire and blood samples. Constitution was verified by a Sasang constitution specialist according to the results of PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), facial photos and a simplified Sasang constitutional questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed with SPSS. 3. Results: There were significantly high values in waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HOMA-IR and hsCRP in Taeeumin and low in HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in Taeeumin. There were significantly high value in Common Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Taeeumin. Age was the significant cardiovascular risk factor irrespective of Sasang constitution in all participants. There was a positive correlation between smoking and Soyangin in all participants and men. There were positive correlations between LDL-cholesterol, BMI and Taeeumin in all participants and men. There were positive correlations between hsCRP and Soeumin in all participants and men. There was significantly high odds ratio of Taeeumin over Soeumin in common carotid Intima Media Thickness. 4. Conclusions: Regimens on cardiovascular diseases should be considered according to Sasang constitution. There are more sensitive risk factor in each constitution; smoking in Soyangin, LDL-cholesterol and BMI in Taeeumin, hsCRP in Soeumin.