• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.2310-2318
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• 2004

The effects of change in injection pressure on spray structure in high temperature and pressure field have been investigated. The analysis of liquid and vapor phases of injected fuel is important for emissions control of diesel engines. Therefore, this work examines the evaporating spray structure using a constant volume vessel. The injection pressure is selected as the experimental parameter, is changed from 400 bar to 800 bar by using a common rail injection system. Also, we conducted simulation study by modified KIVA-II code. The results of simulation study are compared with experimental results. The images of liquid and vapor phase for free spray were simultaneously taken by exciplex fluorescence method. As experimental results, the vapor concentration of injected fuel is leaner due to the increase of atomization in the case of the high injection pressure than in that of the low injection pressure. The calculated results obtained by modified KIVA-II code show good agreements with experimental results.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.34-41
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• 1995

The structure of premixed tubulent flames in a constant-volume vessel was investigated using a schlieren method and microprobe method. The schlieren method was used to observe the flame structure qualitatively. The microprobe method, which detects a flamelet by detecting its flame potential signal, was used to investigate the deeper flame structure behind the flame front. The flame potential signal having one to six peaks was obtained in the case of turbulent flames, each of them being regarede as a flamelet existing in the flame zone. Based on this consideration, the flame propagation speed, the thickness of the flame zone, the number of flamelets and the separation distance between adjacent flamelets in the flame zone were measured. Moreover, the thickness of flamelet which could not be attempted in the conventional electrostatic probe method was also investigated. The experimental results of this work suggest the existence of "reactant islands" in the reaction zone, and show that the averaged number of flamelets increases with an increase in the turbulence intensity and/or a decrease in the Damkohler number. The mean thickness of flamelet in the case of turbulent flames was found to be about two times compared to laminar values.ar values.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze heterogeneous distribution of branch-like structure at downstream region of inner spray. The previous many studies about diesel spray structure have yet stayed in the analysis of 2-D structure, and there are very few of informations which are concerned with 3-D analysis of the structure. The heterogeneous distribution of droplets in inner spray affects the mixture formation of diesel spray, and also the combustion characteristics of the diesel engines. Therefore, in order to investigate 3-D structure of evaporative spray the laser beam of 2-D plane was used in this study. Liquid fuel was injected from a single-hole nozzle (l/d=5) into a constant-volume vessel under high pressure and temperature in order to visualize the spray phenomena. The incident laser beam was offset on the central axis. From the images analysis taken by offset of laser beam, we examine formation mechanism of heterogeneous distribution by vortex flow at the downstream of the diesel spray. As the experimental results, the branch-like structure formed heterogeneous distribution of the droplets consists of high concentration of vapor phase in the periphery of droplets and spray tip of branch-like structure. Also the 3-D spatial structure of the evaporative diesel spray can be verified by images obtained from 2-D measurement methods.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

The authors have reported significant reductions in particulate emissions of diesel engines by generating strong turbulence during the combustion process. This study aims to identify optimum conditions of turbulent mixing for effective soot reduction during combustion. The experiments were conducted with a constant volume combustion vessel equipped with abet-generating cell, in which a small amount of fuel is injected during the combustion of the main spray. The jet of burned gas from the cell impinges the main flame, causing changes In the mixing of fuel and air. Observation was made for a variety combinations of distances between spray nozzle and Jet orifice at different directions of impingement. It Is shown that compared with the case without Jet flame soot decreases when the jet impinges. When the jet is very close to the flame, it penetrates the soot cloud and causes little mixing. There were no apparent differences in the combustion duration when the direction of impingement was varied, although the mechanisms of soot reduction seemed different. An analysis of local turbulent flews with PIV (Particle image Velocimetry) showed the relationship between the scale of the turbulence and the size of the soot cloud.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2004

Dimethyl Ether (DME) has been considered as one of the most attractive alternative fuels for a compression ignition engine. The major advantage of DME-fuelled engine is a great potential for soot-free combustion without sacrificing an inherent high thermal efficiency of diesel engine, despite a necessity for modification of the conventional fuel injection system. An experimental study on DME and conventional diesel sprays was conducted by employing a common-rail type fuel injection system with a 5-holes sac type nozzle, including a constant volume vessel pressurized with nitrogen gas. The injection rates of DME and diesel fuel were recorded with the Bosch type injection rate meter. The injection delay of DME was shorter than that of diesel fuel. The measured injection rates of DME and diesel fuel were correlated with spray penetrations. The prediction method of spray penetration was established using the injection rates, which was verified with the Dent's penetration model and found to agree well for DME case.

• 선박안전
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• 통권28호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2010

While the vessel become bigger and high speed, navigational passages become narrow due to an enlargement of all sorts of new ports, sea-crossing bridges and anchorages, leading to the high probability of marine accidents. Furthermore, a constant increase in the maritime transportation and the traffic volume on the sea led to a variety of sea traffic environments and it is a trend for the demand for the sea transportation environment to increase steadily. At this point of time, the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs introduced the Korea Maritime Safety Laws evaluating the degree that The Safety Audit System for maritime transport, which evaluates the degree that all kinds of port facilities installed temporarily or installed into navigational passages, and the installations and repair constructions of S.O.C. facilities affect ships' traffic safety, was introduced through Korea Maritime Safety Laws and went into effect from November 28th, 2009. This study was performed to introduce an outline including the concept and purpose of the Maritime Safety Audit(MSA) system for maritime transport and the technological guidelines for scientific and standardized enforcement, thereby analyzing the system.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The ignition delay of a dual fuel system has been numerically investigated by adopting a constant volume chamber as a model problem simulating diesel engine relevant conditions. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, consisting of 28 species and 135 elementary reactions, of dimethyl ether (DME) with methane ($CH_{4}$) sub-mechanism has been used in conjunction with the multi-dimensional reactive flow KIVA-3V code to simulate the autoignition process. The start of ignition was defined as the moment when the maximum temperature in the combustion vessel reached to 1900 K with which a best agreement with existing experiment was achieved. Ignition delays of liquid DME injected into air at various high pressures and temperatures compared well with the existing experimental results in a combustion bomb. When a small quantity of liquid DME was injected into premixtures of $CH_{4}$/air, the ignition delay times of the dual fuel system are longer than that observed with DME only, especially at higher initial temperatures. The variation in the ignition delay between DME only and dual fuel case tend to be constant for lower initial temperatures. It was also found that the predicted values of the ignition delay in dual fuel operation are dependent on the concentration of the gaseous $CH_{4}$ in the chamber charge and less dependent on the injected mass of DME. Temperature and equivalence ratio contours of the combustion process showed that the ignition commonly starts in the boundary at which near stoichiometric mixtures could exists. Parametric studies are also conducted to show the effect of additive such as hydrogen peroxide in the ignition delay. Apart from accurate predictions of ignition delay, the coupling between multi-dimensional flow and multi-step chemistry is essential to reveal detailed features of the ignition process.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 1990

현미와 백미의 조리특성, 색도와 호화특성의 변화를 비교조사하였다. 현미와 백미를 $4^{\circ}$ 와 $25^{\circ}C$에 각각 5개월과 3개월간 저장했을 때, 침지온도 $30^{\circ}$에서의 수분흡수속도 상수 값은 백미가 현미보다 약 2.5배 높았고, 저장시간에 따라 직선적으로 감소하였으며 그 정도는 현미 보다 백미가 컸다. 부피증가속도 상수 값도 수분흡수 속도 상수값과 같은 경향을 보였다. 백미의 취반속도는 현미보다 1.8배 빨랐으며, 취반속도상수 값은 저장중 직선적으로 감소하였다. 취반 완료점은 현미가 백미보다 2배 늦었고, 저장 완료후 취반시간은 현미는 8분, 백미는 7분 정도 늦어졌다. 현미립의 색도는 저장에 따라 L값(명도)이 증가하였으나, 백미립은 변화가 없었다. 아밀로그라피에 의한 현미와 백미가루의 초기 호화온도는 변화가 없었으나, 호화점도는 저장에 따라 증가하였으며 $4^{\circ}$의 경우에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 저장중 쌀가루의 시차 주사 열량 측정기에 의한 호화온도는 차이가 없었으나, 호화 엔탈피는 감소하는 경향이었고 현미와 백미의 차이는 크지 않았다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.911-917
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 함정용 디젤연료를 단기통 커먼레일 디젤엔진에 적용하여 연료분사압력 변화에 따른 분사율 특성, 거시적 분무 특성 및 연료분사시기와 연료압력변화에 따른 연소 및 배기가스 배출특성을 분석하는데 초점을 두었다. 분사율 특성은 Bosch법을 적용한 분사율 측정 시험 장치를 이용하여 분석하였고, 거시적 분무 특성은 정적용기 및 초고속 카메라를 이용하여 분석하였다. 또한, 연료분사시기 및 연료압력 변화를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있는 단기통 엔진을 이용하여 연소 및 배기가스 배출특성을 분석하였다. 30MPa과 50MPa의 분사조건에서 초기 분사율은 50MPa의 분사조건에서 크게 나타났으며, 분무 발달(투과) 또한 동일시간대에서 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 연료분사시기가 지각될수록 실린더 내부 최대 압력과 최대 열발생량은 떨어지는 경향으로 나타났으며, 고압분사조건에서 실린더 내부 최대압력과 최대 열발생량은 다소 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 고압분사조건에서 도시평균유효압력은 낮은 것으로 분석되었고, 연료분사시기가 TDC 쪽으로 지각될수록 도시평균유효압력 및 토크는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 연료분사시기가 $BTDC20^{\circ}$(30MPa)와 $BTDC15^{\circ}$(50MPa)에서 질소산화물 발생수준이 가장 높았으며, 일산화탄소는 $BTDC30^{\circ}$를 기준으로 지각될수록 저감되었다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 Roadmap 영상에서 화질에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 알아보기 위한 것으로, 조영제의 희석률, Collimation Field, Flow Rate를 변화하여 연구를 하였다. 화질의 정량적인 평가를 위해, 아크릴를 이용하여 3mm 혈관모형의 Water Phantom을 자체 제작하였고, 자체 제작한 혈관모형의 Water Phantom으로 Roadmap 영상을 획득하고, SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)과 CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio)을 분석하였다. CM : N/S 희석률 변화에 대한 연구에서 CM : N/S 희석률을 (100%~10% : 100%)로 변화를 주었으며, 혈관모형 Water Phantom을 이용하여 촬영한 Roadmap 영상의 SNR과 CNR의 측정 결과 CM에 N/S 희석률이 높아질수록 SNR의 측정값이 점차적으로 낮아짐을 나타났고, CNR의 측정값도 점차적으로 낮아짐을 나타났다. 결론적으로 CM : N/S의 희석률이 높아질수록 SNR과 CNR 낮아짐을 확인하였고, CM : N/S의 희석률(100%~70 : 30%)에서 유의한 이미지를 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. Collimation Field 변화에 대한 연구에서 혈관모형 Water Phantom을 이용하여 Colimation Field를 혈관모형 중심으로 좌, 우 2 cm 간격으로 좁히면서 0 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm 10 cm, 12 cm으로 각각 변화를 주었으며, Roadmap을 촬영한 영상의 SNR과 CNR의 측정 결과는 Collimation Field를 혈관모형 중심으로 좁힐수록 SNR과 CNR의 측정값이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Flow rate 변화에 대한 연구에서 Autoinjector의 Volume을 15로 일정하게 하고, Flow Rate를 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 으로 각각 변화를 주었다. 혈관모형 Water Phantom을 이용하여 Roadmap 영상을 촬영한 이미지의 SNR과 CNR의 측정 결과 Flow Rate를 증가했을 때, SNR의 측정값이 점차적으로 감소하다가 Flow Rate 9~10에서 SNR의 측정값이 점차적 증가를 보였고, CNR의 측정값도 점차적으로 감소하다가 Flow Rate 9~10에서 CNR의 측정값이 점차적으로 증가를 보였다. 그러나 ROI Mean 값과 Background Mean 값으로 SNR과 CNR의 상관관계를 확인할 수 없었다. 상관관계를 확인하기 위해 Flow Rate 변화에 따른 Roadmap 연구는 향후 더 많은 연구로 확인해야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로 Roadmap 영상의 화질에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 알아보기 위해 조영제의 희석률, Collimation Field, Flow Rate 변화에 대한 연구에서 조영제에 N/S의 희석률이 증가할수록 SNR과 CNR이 낮아져 화질과 대조도가 낮아지는 것을 확인하였으며, Collimation Field를 좁힐수록 SNR과 CNR이 증가하여 화질과 대조도가 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 Flow Rate 변화에 대한 연구에서는 상관관계를 확인할 수 없었다. 검사 및 시술을 할 때 신장의 영향을 최소화하기 위해 적절한 조영제 농도 선택과 대조도 향상 및 피폭 감소를 위한 적절한 Collimation Field를 사용하는 것이 유용할 것으로 판단된다.