• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.62-79
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• 2017

The principle of repairing the architectural heritage in China was first presented by Liangsicheng of Society for Research in Chinese Architecture in the 1930s, and it was stated as "Restoration of Historic Condition or Preservation of Existing Condition" in 1961 in the "Provisional Regulations on the Protection and Management of Cultural Relics" after various repair experiences under the social and political background of the 1950s. Restoration of historic condition generally means restoration to original shape, and because architectural heritage was often repaired based on similar principle in Korea and Japan in the early and mid 20th century, it can be said that the restoration of historic condition was a universal and leading principle in this period in Northeast Asia. In China, however, the preservation of existing condition is equally specified along with the restoration of historic condition. When considering the leading trend of the time, it seems to be rather unexpected, which leads to questions about the formation process and meaning. The research on Liangsicheng, which first suggested the principle of repair, is very important, but there is a lack of three-dimensional analysis of his principles compared with active research on international principles in China. In order to understand the process of formation and its meaning of the principle of repair in China, we first need to analyze the principle proposed by Liangsicheng, and it is necessary to comprehensively examine how the principle have changed under the social background surrounding architectural heritage conservation after the founding of the People's Republic of China(PRC). In this paper, we first show that Liangsicheng has proposed a principle of restoration of historic condition with important values in the originality, and at the same time he opened the possibility of preservation of existing condition for the result of value judgment or realistic reason. In addition, we examine the process of equalizing preservation of existing condition with a restoration of historic condition as a realistic principle due to the influence of Soviet architectural heritage conservation system and Chinese economic development oriented policy after the founding of PRC.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4 s.111
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• pp.108-118
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• 2005

While the recent lift of restrictions in greenbelt areas is expected to generate a number of development plans, there are efforts to create various development plans into spatial plans that consider the natural and ecological conditions of development sites. However, these development plans consider Degree of Green Naturality or Degree of Ecology only when designating areas for conservation within development sites. It is true that they don't fully reflect the value of green areas and wetlands as habitats and natural resources. Therefore, this study built an conservation value assessment model that is applicable to sites where development is planned in Korea by reviewing prior case examples md studies and applied the developed model to a case study area. The site where the conservation value assessment model was applied to is an area around Yongsan-ri and Suha-ri, Doam-myon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon province where quality natural resources are located in and wend the site. This is a site for the development of Alpensia Resort where a resort including facilities for the Winter Olympics is planned to be introduced. In order to assess the conservation value of the site for Alpensia Resort, a total of eight items including area, distribution of communities, habitation of species with conservation value, functions of habitats, connectivity of habitats, vegetation layers of forests, age of forests, and ratio of non-native plants were studied through literature review and field surveys. The assessment was made by dividing the site into 95 habitats that are perceived by aerial photographs and each habitat unit was assessed on the eight items in a 3-point scale. Each unit habitat assessed in a 3-point scale was segmented into primary, secondary or tertiary areas based on the conservation value. Habitats assessed as primary were designated as priority (absolute) conservation areas and those assessed as secondary and tertiary were set as secondary conservation areas and tertiary conservation areas, respectively. As a result, each area represented 26.9%, 20% and 3% of total site area. Based on this result, habitat management plans were developed to conserve primary conservation areas, improve secondary conservation areas and restore tertiary conservation areas. In addition, a development plan was developed to create habitats in areas where new habitats are requested in order to build an eco-network in the site and a plan to create eco-corridors was proposed. In developing a land use plan for the site, a development plan that considers conservation areas first should be set up based on the outcome of conservation value assessment. This can be linked to the development of an environment-friendly land use plan as well as easing the establishment of a green area and eco-network. This study will facilitate the implementation of the 'conservation before development' principle, which can prevent reckless development, by assessing conservation value in setting up development plans.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

There are the road of the artificial government property and rivers of the natural government property in representative Public Facilities applied National Reimbursement Law. Art.5. Doctrine on Responsibility of Public Facilities. Recently damage of a people has frequently been occurring caused by the flood of rivers and the flood disaster, and a people tends to request national reimbursement regarded it not as a natural disaster but as a man-made disaster. Especially the flood repeatedly occurred by the flood of rivers and destructive of the embankment of rivers, and it is also occurring in repairing rivers. Therefore a nation have to take responsibility of compensation for damage because of defect of conservation of rivers, and pay attention to improving the facilities of conservation and at the same time expand the range of responsibility. Thus the range of this study limits the national reimbursement of conservation of rivers among National Reimbursement Law. Art.5. Compensation for Damages on Defect about an Establishment and Management of public Facilities. Within this range, the objection of this study is to seek controversial issues and solutions, which belong with national reimbursement responsibility about conservation of rivers, as every principle of law and precedent coming under natural government property about compensation for damages caused by defect of conservation of rivers is analyzed and examined.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1995

Conservation of the natural environiment In chosun-Dynasty, Korea, is analysed on the basis of the of official records of the king's offices(Chosun-wangjo-sillok). In the popular ideologies of the dynasty, Seongleehak(philosophy of humanity arid natural laws) and Pungsu (geomancy) , the naturnal enviroment is defined as an entity con-sisting of Cheon (heaven) , San(mnountains) , Su (water), Geumsu (animals)and Chomok (plants) .the notion of Tacksi-Tackmul(being careful to take natural resources at the right time) was one of the Cheonmyung (eavenly decrees) . It was believed that violation of this principle resulted in natural disasters. Sasan(four mountains surrounding Hansungbu-, the capital city, now Seoul) , were strictly preserved according to geomancy practices. In areas other than the capital city, Sanlimcheontack (mountains, forests, rivers and ponds) were con-served for sustained production of building materials especially pinetrees for ship building, foods, firewoods, horses, and orter useful natural resources. Various conservation policy insturuments were adopted. Prunning trees was permitted only in October. Capturing fishes was allowed only after the spawning period. Protection areas were designated in Sasan, Seongjoesiplee (surroundings of the capital city) , Geumsan(protected mountains), Kangmujang(hunting and army training grounds), Sijang(firewood areas), Mokmajang(horse ranches) and Neungyuk(royal tombs) . Activities prohibited for conservation purposes included cutting timbers, burning, building houses or tombs, dumping wastes, farming and breaking up fresh land, grazing, hunting and trespassing. Positive actions for conservation were rituals to Heaven ennoblement of natural elements such as mountians or rivers, planting trees, Boto (supplementing soil on low ridges) , Josan (mounding) and making ponds. Boto, Josan and making ponds were to make ideal terrains for geomancy. Many government bodies and civil servants were engaged in the conservation activities. For example, Sanjik(forest keeper) was a special position with responsibility for forest management.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.3 no.1 s.3
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• pp.3-12
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• 1994

As a result of the great attention to the historical and cultural heritage, the achievements of the natural sciences are finding their way into museums. The necessity of preserving the treasures of the artistic and cultural heritage has brought into being a new alliance, an alliance between science and culture. The most sciences of cultural properties pertain mainly to improvement of the methods of identifications, preservation and restoration of historical monuments. Recently a new physical method has appeared that, in a sense, possesses universal capabilities. That method is holography, which successfully combines unique features making it possible not only to create three-dimesional optical replicas of real three -dimensional objects practically indistinguishable from the original but also to study them. We shall deal in this papper with its scientific principle and application for displaying, as well as on other potential applications.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 1997

The official talks on the amendment of the Korean - Japanese Fisheries Agreement which was concluded in 1965 are under way since 1996. The convention area of the existing fisheries agreement is the high sea, but it should be changed to the exclusive economic zone(EEZ) for the newly amended fisheries agreement. Accordingly, the fundamental policies to be embodied within the amended fisheries agreement are summarized as follows : 1. One of the basic doctrine of the new agreement should be the formulation of a device of international cooperation for the fishery development as well as the conservation and management of the fishery resources. 2. The preparation of the future-oriented international relationship which reflects the specific character of the fishery relationship between both countries. 3. The existing fishery results of both parties should be protected on the ground of the reciprocity principle. 4. Both parties should reach an agreement upon the joint conservation and management measures for the transboundary fishery resources. 5. In consideration of the difficulty of EEZ delimitation between both countries, a provisional fisheries agreement can be an alternative measure.

• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2010

The concentration process of 2-ethyl hexanol used for the intermediate material in the production of plasticizer is examined for the energy conservation of energy-efficient distillation system instead of the conventional two column system through numerical simulation. Some 41 % of energy conservation is expected from the proposed system, and its conservation principle is explained with column profiles. In addition, not only the operating cost but also investment cost can be reduced for the additional benefit of the column application when the thermally coupled distillation is implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Among Korea's national folk cultural heritage, eight villages have been designated, and 37 years have passed since Hahoe Village was first designated in 1984. All eight villages have been constantly inhabited by residents from the past to the present, so the cultural value of inferring the lives of our ancestors in the past is very high. However, due to the inconvenience of the settlement environment in existing houses due to changes in the living environment, buildings such as various residential facilities and warehouses have been installed and expanded without permission, losing the original cultural property landscape and building. In addition, complaints and conflicts from residents are accumulating due to the poor living environment in the village. Therefore, this study intends to present guidelines for conservation and maintenance that can embrace changes in resident's housing and living environment, based on the 'maintenance of original form', the grand principle of the Cultural Properties Protection Law about the Jeju Seongeup Village. In particular, the maintenance plan is largely subdivided into legalization, demolition, expansion and reconstruction, and detailed standards for each item and examples applied are proposed. Through this, it aims to become basic data on the starting point of realistic improvement measures for cultural properties and residents to coexist.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.100-119
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• 2016

The concept of "original form" and the principle of "maintaining the original form" take center stage in conservation, management, and promotion of the domestic heritage. Introduced in the 20th century, there were little discussion or deliberation about the concept of "original form" therefore it remains a vague and somewhat abstract notion subject to individual interpretation. Without a specified practical meaning, "maintaining the original form" became the fundamental principle for heritage conservation and management in the 1999 version of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, engendering difficulties in applying the principle in practice. Conceived as an important first step toward resolving the issues stemming from the indistinct concept of "original form," this paper explores the process through which the concept was introduced to Korea and then established and developed as a legal principle for heritage conservation, management, and promotion. While the examination of the related documents and various cases shows that the development of the concept of "original form" has centered on specific periods and architectural styles, this essay explicates that the notion "original form" is commonly used as a term referring to the form at the earliest possible temporality. It also explains that this view emanates from perceiving heritages not as multivalent objects, but as a material object that exclusively carries aesthetic and, more importantly, historical value, and that comes from the history awareness of the times. This essay suggests that the concept "original form" should be reestablished with full consideration of the diverse values of heritage and diverse forms through which heritage can be expressed. After reviewing the feasibility and practicality of the concept a set of concrete guidelines should be presented for application in practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.3 s.112
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

This study is about the excavated costume representing fundamental "Conservation and Restoration". It's not a report of a specific case, but it is a guideline that contains the costume and textile of museum collection. It is not research based on experiments; however, this paper is basically consists of various reported-documents. Followings are the conclusions of this study 1. These are the factors that we have to know to prevent the causes of fabric's degradation. -Light, -Humidity and temperature, -Microscopic organism, -Insect and rodent animal, -Air pollution, -Ph, -Handling 2. Basic principles of conservation and restoration follows are: -Select the Reversible method, -Represent the easily distinguishable repaired place, -Should be acted by an expert or people with experience, -Before the restoration, accurate and specified records should be completed, -Procedure, treatment method, and materials used should be recorded prior to restoration, -Should be cared minimally, -Be cautious when using the conservation materials, -When caring, make sure nothing is against the principle of aesthetic, historic, and form of preservation 3. The types of restoration are type of straight or curve, type of hole, type of without warp or weft, type of special part damage something like sleeve, collar, type of form that is severely damaged, and type of separated pieces. 4. The method of restoration is sewing, stitching, and the combination of sewing and stitching. 5. The restoration seams are welt seam, plain seam, flat felled seam, french seam etc. And there are kinds of used-sewing, such as, broad stitching, backstitch, half backstitch, basking, hemming, saddle stitching etc.