• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2010

Bivalve samples from 30 locations Korean coastal waters were analyzed to characterize the contamination with and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The congeners of PBDE in 30 bivalve samples were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography with a high resolution mass detector. The levels of PBDEs in bivalve samples ranged from 0.092 to 13.5 ng/g wet weight. These values for PBDEs concentrations in bivalves from Korea were higher than or comparable to available values for bivalves from other countries. In the congener profiles, BDE-47 (mean contribution=42.2%) was predominant, followed by BDE-99 (23.1%), BDE-100 (11.9%) and BDE-154 (3.5%). Among the OCs analyzed, $\Sigma$PCBs and $\Sigma$DDTs levels were highest, followed by $\Sigma$HCHs, $\Sigma$CHLs and HCB. The wet weight based $\Sigma$PCBs and $\Sigma$DDTs ranged from 0.28 ng/g to 19.4 ng/g, and from 0.19 ng/g to 4.86 ng/g, respectively. The $\Sigma$PCBs and $\Sigma$DDT slevels in bivalves along the entire Korean coast were lower than those of the USA, and below the Food and Drug Administration (USA. FDA) limits for fish and shell fish. However, the human health criteria and wild life criteria of the USA. Environmental Protection Agency (USA. EPA) were exceeded for DDE and $\Sigma$HCHs at most of the sampling points.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.346-351
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• 2009

To investigate concentration and characteristics of dioxins in soil at Cheongju city, total 28 soil samples were collected. The total and I-TEQ concentration of 17 PCDDs/DFs ranged from 2.30 to 630.40 pg/g dry weight and from 0.002 to 9.79 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight with averages of 55.42 pg/g and 1.13 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively. These levels are very lower than those of around various incinerators in Korea (from n.d. to 153.23 with average value of 7.36 I-TEQ/g). The correlation between total concentration and TEQ concentration showed significant with 99% confidence interval (p-value < 0.001). The TEQ concentration as land use was high as follows; industrial area> green area> residential and commercial area> farm land. In terms of congener distribution, OCDD which is highly detected in general soil samples, was predominant and showed various fraction (from 23 to 100%). The ratios of PCDF concentration against to PCDD concentration varied as samples (from 0.1 to 2.4).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2002

Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used intensively in agriculture or industry for a long time. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in the environment and subsequently in parts of the food chain, resulting in the intake of these compounds by man and animal. The measure of the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in tissues or blood of human populations are good markers in determining the extent of exposure and in the evaluating the hazards. So, most countriess have conducted initial monitoring programs to determine organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in human tissues. But a few report has been presented in Korea. In this study, $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC, $\delta$-BHC, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, endrin, dieldein, aldrin and 7 marker PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were determined in human blood, adipose tissue and liver tissues collected at autopsy of 10 men and 10 women, 13-79 year of age. Significant differences in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs between districts where they had lived were found in the following chemicals: total PCB in the blood : $\beta$-BHC, total BHC, p,p'-DDE and total DDT in the adipose tissue : p,p'-DDE, total DDT and PCB 118 in the liver. No significant difference was found in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs between sexes and ages. Though the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were relatively lower than that of other countries, we could know that organochlorine pesticides and PCBs have been widely distributed in Korean human body.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the level of PCBs and distribution of PCB congeners in the ambient air of Korea and Japan. The source of PCBs were also studied by a statistical method. The TEQ concentration of PCB in the ambient air of Korea and Japan were between 0.003 and $1.01\;pgTEQ/m^3$(mean value : $0.22\;pgTEQ/m^3$) and between 0.002 and $0.014\;pgTEQ/m^3$ (mean value: $0.007\;pgTEQ/m^3$), respectively. The ambient air of industrial area of Korea showed a fluctuation in PCB concentration than other sampling area. The isomer distribution patterns in the ambient air was more or less similar in all sampling places. In addition, highly chlorinated homologues ($7{\sim}10CB$) were detected in the only Korea industrial area. This observation suggests that there is a possibility of specific source of PCBs in the industrial area. The source identification of PCB in ambient air was performed using multivariate statistical analysis(principal component analysis). As a result, it is estimated that the Korean ambient air was more influenced by combustion process than the ambient air of Japan and also the effect of PCB commercial products was relatively a small.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.313-317
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• 2016

The congener and sympatric species, Grapholita molesta (Busck) and G. dimorpha Komai, are economically important pests against various Rosaceae fruit trees in Korea. In this study, we identified the species from the larvae of these two insects collected from damaged fruits of peach, plum, apple, pear, and quince by using a molecular diagnostic method and compared the distribution ratios of the two species within the fruits of each of these trees. Most (99.7%) of the larvae collected from peach fruits were identified as G. molesta, while all of the larvae found in plum fruits were G. dimorpha. Both species were found in the other three fruits, but G. molesta was significantly dominant in pear fruits. G. dimorpha was more abundant in apple and quince fruits, without any significant difference between the distribution ratios of two insects. The results suggest that development of further realistic strategies is necessary for the management of these two pests in Korean orchards.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.186-194
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• 2013

We investigated the concentrations and distribution patterns of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs) and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in sediments from Ulsan Bay in Korea. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and PBDEs in 33 sediment samples ranged from 0.11 to 4.86($1.81{\pm}1.04$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dry weight(dw), 0.06 to 44.2($4.02{\pm}7.99$) pg $WHO_{2005}$-TEQ $g^{-1}$ dw, and 2.81 to 63.8($19.4{\pm}13.9$) ng $g^{-1}$ dw, respectively. DL-PCBs had dominant contributions(mean, 88%) of total TEQ concentrations in sediment. The concentrations of target compounds in inner locations were higher than those in outer locations in Ulsan Bay (p<0.05). The dominant contribution of highly chlorinated DD/Fs in sediment was associated with combustion process from industrial complexes. Distribution pattern of DL-PCBs was similar with those of commercial PCB products. BDE209 was a dominant congener in sediment, suggesting high use amount of commercial deca-BDE product in surrounding areas.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.309-319
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• 2003

This study was performed to describe analysis method of 209 PCB congeners in ambient air samples. The samples were collected by high volume air sampler in Chonju city. Extracted samples were cleaned by silicagel cleanup modified with sulfuric acid and activated carbon cleanup processing. The cleaned samples were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) with DB-5 column (60 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 m film thickness) to analyze the 209 kinds of PCB congeners. PCBs levels of air samples were detected to the range between 0.003 and $0.163pg-TEQ/m^3$. The PCBs congener of 162 kinds were detected in samples analysed using DB-5 column and 37 kinds peaks were overlapped with congeners more than one. It is difficult to isolate PCB 118/106 and PCB 105/127 in coplanar PCB, so it is likely to overestimate the concentration.. The distribution of coplanar-PCB congeners in origin source samples (Kanechlor and exhaust gas from incinerator) was compared with that in air samples, and PCB 81, PCB 77, PCB 126, and PCB 169 were higher in incinerator samples.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.924-930
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• 2008

Community structure refers to the number of species in a community and the pattern of distribution of individuals among those species. The purpose of this paper was to describe a statistical analysis for detecting a ecological biodiversity which is valid even though the assumption at the different sampling points is not violated spatial randomness of species. Counts and cover were determined from 10 ($20\;m{\times}20\;m$) plots in five sites of the Oncheon River which is located in Busan, Korea. Total 95 taxa (85 species, 9 varieties, and one form) were identified and measured in edge sides of this river. These were a total of present in the five sites. Overall across the fragments, mean number of species per plot differed significantly among the five sites (F=7.75, p<0.01). Shannon-Wiener functions differed significantly among plots (F=4.12, p<0.05), with the St. 1 having significantly higher value (2.380) than the others (2.206 for St. 2, 2.116 for St. 3, 2.069 for St. 4, and 0.637 for St. 5). The richness indices, R1 decreased from the upper stream of the Oncheon River to the lower stream. We used a novel way of representing community structure to show that abundance within closely related pairs of co-occurring species in the Oncheon River. The differences between the distributions for of congeners and pairs of non-congeners showed at the largest difference of the cumulative fractions of the data sets (x=0.85).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.447-457
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• 2010

This study aims to monitor the variation of concentration of PCDD/DFs between the gaseous phase-particulate phases in the ambient air of urban area in Korea. This monitoring is evaluated by using the Junge-Pankow model and the Koa absorption model with the application of the Octanol-air partition coefficient. In this study, the ambient air samples were analyzed according to each congener group of the PCDD/DFs by HRGC/HRMS, which have been investigated for the past 5 years. In the results, the annual variation in the concentration level of $\Sigma$PCDD/DFs in TSP was increased from $1588\;fg/m^3$ in 1998 to $5123\;fg/m^3$ in 2002, and from 31 fg I-TEQ/$m^3$ to 94 fg I-TEQ/$m^3$ in the $\Sigma$I-TEQ. In the case of PUF of gaseous phase sample, their variation was increased from $1615\;fg/m^3$ in 1998 to $2237\;fg/m^3$ in 2002, and in the $\Sigma$I-TEQ from 12 fg I-TEQ/$m^3$ to 17 fg I-TEQ/$m^3$. The relative coefficient between the gas phase concentration of PCDD/DFs and the temperature was a value of 0.744; the contributive rate of the temperature to the gaseous phase concentration was 0.554. According to the results, the pattern of the coefficient of distribution based on log $p_L^0$ is similar to the ambient air of the urban areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2017

In central and southern Korea, the two small insectivorous, terrestrial herbs, Utricularia bifida and U. caerulea, often co-occur at wet locations (or in wetlands). The Korean Peninsula (with central China and northern Japan) constitutes the northern edge of their distribution, as their main range is subtropical and tropical Asia. The Korean populations of both species are very likely of post-glacial origin, given that warm-temperate vegetation was absent from the Korean Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum. Two hypotheses of the post-glacial colonization of the peninsula can be formulated; first, if current populations were founded by propagules coming from a single ancestral population (i.e., a single refugium), we would expect low levels of genetic diversity. Alternatively, if contemporary Korean populations originated from multiple sources (multiple refugia), we would expect high levels of genetic variation. To test which is more likely, we surveyed the degree of allozyme variation at 20 loci in ten populations for each of the two species from southern Korea. We found no allozyme variation within each species. However, their aquatic congener U. australis exhibited allozyme polymorphism across Japan (four polymorphic loci at three enzyme systems). We suggest that southern Korean populations of Utricularia bifida and U. caerulea were established by a single introduction event from a genetically depauperate ancestral population.