• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.115-116
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• 2012

The demand for flexible electronic systems such as wearable computers, E-paper, and flexible displays has increased due to their advantages of excellent portability, conformal contact with curved surfaces, light weight, and human friendly interfaces over present rigid electronic systems. This seminar introduces three recent progresses that can extend the application of high performance flexible inorganic electronics. The first part of this seminar will introduce a RRAM with a one transistor-one memristor (1T-1M) arrays on flexible substrates. Flexible memory is an essential part of electronics for data processing, storage, and radio frequency (RF) communication and thus a key element to realize such flexible electronic systems. Although several emerging memory technologies, including resistive switching memory, have been proposed, the cell-to-cell interference issue has to be overcome for flexible and high performance nonvolatile memory applications. The cell-to-cell interference between neighbouring memory cells occurs due to leakage current paths through adjacent low resistance state cells and induces not only unnecessary power consumption but also a misreading problem, a fatal obstacle in memory operation. To fabricate a fully functional flexible memory and prevent these unwanted effects, we integrated high performance flexible single crystal silicon transistors with an amorphous titanium oxide (a-TiO2) based memristor to control the logic state of memory. The $8{\times}8$ NOR type 1T-1M RRAM demonstrated the first random access memory operation on flexible substrates by controlling each memory unit cell independently. The second part of the seminar will discuss the flexible GaN LED on LCP substrates for implantable biosensor. Inorganic III-V light emitting diodes (LEDs) have superior characteristics, such as long-term stability, high efficiency, and strong brightness compared to conventional incandescent lamps and OLED. However, due to the brittle property of bulk inorganic semiconductor materials, III-V LED limits its applications in the field of high performance flexible electronics. This seminar introduces the first flexible and implantable GaN LED on plastic substrates that is transferred from bulk GaN on Si substrates. The superb properties of the flexible GaN thin film in terms of its wide band gap and high efficiency enable the dramatic extension of not only consumer electronic applications but also the biosensing scale. The flexible white LEDs are demonstrated for the feasibility of using a white light source for future flexible BLU devices. Finally a water-resist and a biocompatible PTFE-coated flexible LED biosensor can detect PSA at a detection limit of 1 ng/mL. These results show that the nitride-based flexible LED can be used as the future flexible display technology and a type of implantable LED biosensor for a therapy tool. The final part of this seminar will introduce a highly efficient and printable BaTiO3 thin film nanogenerator on plastic substrates. Energy harvesting technologies converting external biomechanical energy sources (such as heart beat, blood flow, muscle stretching and animal movements) into electrical energy is recently a highly demanding issue in the materials science community. Herein, we describe procedure suitable for generating and printing a lead-free microstructured BaTiO3 thin film nanogenerator on plastic substrates to overcome limitations appeared in conventional flexible ferroelectric devices. Flexible BaTiO3 thin film nanogenerator was fabricated and the piezoelectric properties and mechanically stability of ferroelectric devices were characterized. From the results, we demonstrate the highly efficient and stable performance of BaTiO3 thin film nanogenerator.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 소스와 드레인의 구조가 육각형인 FinFET에서 구조 변수 및 핀/핑거 개수 증가에 따른 열 저항 모델을 제안한다. 소자의 크기가 감소하여 발열 효과 및 열 특성의 영향이 커졌으며, 이를 분석하기 위해 소자의 열 저항은 중요한 요소이다. 열 저항 모델은 소자에서 열이 생성되는 열원과 열이 빠져나가는 contact를 설정했으며, 도메인은 열원과 4 부분의 소스, 드레인, 게이트, 서브스트레이트 contact를 통해 나누어진다. 또 각각의 contact 열 저항 모델은 TCAD의 시뮬레이션 결과의 온도 및 열 흐름을 분석하여 해석이 용이한 형태로 세분화하였다. 도메인들은 그 구조에 따라 구조 변수를 통한 적분 및 등각 매핑 방식을 기반으로 모델링하였다. 먼저 싱글 핀으로 열 저항을 분석하여 모델링하였으며, 멀티 핀/핑거의 열 저항 모델의 정확도를 높이기 위해 채널증가에 따른 파라미터의 변화를 적용하였다. 제안한 열 저항 모델은 3D Technology CAD 시뮬레이션을 해석하여 얻은 열 저항 결과와 비교하였으며, 싱글 핀 및 멀티 핀의 전체 열 저항 모델은 3 % 이하의 오차를 얻었다. 제안한 열 저항은 핀/핑거 개수의 증가에 따른 열 저항을 예측할 수 있으며, 발열효과 및 열 특성 분석을 계산하여 회로 특성을 개선할 수 있다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the treatment outcomes of adjuvant radiotherapy using vaginal brachytherapy (VB) with a lower dose per fraction and/or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) following surgery for patients with stage I endometrial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 43 patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I endometrial cancer who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy following surgery between March 2000 and April 2014. Of these, 25 received postoperative VB alone, while 18 received postoperative EBRT to the whole pelvis; 3 of these were treated with EBRT plus VB. The median EBRT dose was 50.0 Gy (45.0-50.4 Gy) and the VB dose was 24 Gy in 6 fractions. Tumor dose was prescribed at a depth of 5 mm from the cylinder surface and delivered twice per week. Results: The median follow-up period for all patients was 57 months (range, 9 to 188 months). Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients were 92.5% and 95.3%, respectively. Adjuvant radiotherapy was performed according to risk factors and stage IB, grade 3 and lymphovascular invasion were observed more frequently in the EBRT group. Five-year DFS for EBRT and VB alone were 88.1% and 96.0%, respectively (p = 0.42), and 5-year OS for EBRT and VB alone were 94.4% and 96%, respectively (p = 0.38). There was no locoregional recurrence in any patient. Two patients who received EBRT and 1 patient who received VB alone developed distant metastatic disease. Two patients who received EBRT had severe complications, one each of grade 3 gastrointestinal complication and pelvic bone insufficiency fracture. Conclusion: Adjuvant radiotherapy achieved high DFS and OS with acceptable toxicity in stage I endometrial cancer. VB (with a lower dose per fraction) may be a viable option for selected patients with early-stage endometrial cancer following surgery.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.276-283
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• 2015

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of repeated high dose 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between 1998 and 2011, 45 patients received hepatic re-irradiation with high dose 3D-CRT in Samsung Medical Center. After excluding two ineligible patients, 43 patients were retrospectively reviewed. RT was delivered with palliative or salvage intent, and equivalent dose of 2 Gy fractions for ${\alpha}/{\beta}=10Gy$ ranged from $31.25Gy_{10}$ to $93.75Gy_{10}$ (median, $44Gy_{10}$). Tumor response and toxicity were evaluated based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) ver. 4.0. Results: The median follow-up duration was 11.2 months (range, 4.1 to 58.3 months). An objective tumor response rate was 62.8%. The tumor response rates were 81.0% and 45.5% in patients receiving ${\geq}45Gy_{10}$ and $<45Gy_{10}$, respectively (p = 0.016). The median overall survival (OS) of all patients was 11.2 months. The OS was significantly affected by the Child-Pugh class as 14.2 months vs. 6.1 months (Child-Pugh A vs. B, p < 0.001), and modified Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) T stage as 15.6 months vs. 8.3 months (T1-3 vs. T4, p = 0.004), respectively. Grade III toxicities were developed in two patients, both of whom received ${\geq}50Gy_{10}$. Conclusion: Hepatic re-irradiation may be an effective and tolerable treatment for patients who are not eligible for further local treatment modalities, especially in patients with Child-Pugh A and T1-3.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2003

Up-front irradiation technique as 3-dimensional conformation, or intensity modulation has kept large proportion of brain tumors from being complicated with acute radiation reactions in the normal tissue during or shortly after radiotherapy. For years, we've cannot help but counting on 2-D vertex beam technique to reduce acute reactions in the brain tumor patients because we're not equipped with 3-dimensional planning system. We analyzed its advantages and limitations in the clinical application. From 1998 to 2001, vertex or oblique vertex beams were applied to 35 patients with primary brain tumor and 25 among them were eligible for this analysis. Vertex(V) plans were optimized on the reconstructed coronal planes. As the control, we took the bilateral opposed techniques(BL) otherwise being applied. We compared the volumes included in 105% to 50% isodose lines of each plan. We also measured the radiation dose at various extracranial sites with TLD. With vertex techniques, we reduced the irradiated volumes of contralateral hemisphere and prevented middle ear effusion at contralateral side. But the low dose volume increased outside 100%; the ratio of V to BL in irradiated volume included in 100%, 80%, 50% was 0.55+/-0.10, 0.61+/-0.10, and 1.22+/-0.21, respectively. The hot area within 100% isodose line almost disappeared with vertex plan; the ratio of V to BL in irradiated volume included in 103%, 105%, 108% was 0.14+/-0.14, 0.05./-0.17, 0.00, respectively. The dose distribution within 100% isodose line became more homogeneous; the ratio of volume included in 103% and 105% to 100% was 0.62+/-0.14 and 0.26+/-0.16 in BL whereas was 0.16+/-0.16 and 0.02+/-0.04 in V. With the vertex techniques, extracranial dose increased up to $1{\sim}3%$ of maximum dose in the head and neck region except submandibular area where dose ranged 1 to 21%. From this data, vertex beam technique was quite effective in reduction of unnecessary irradiation to the contralateral hemispheres, integral dose, obtaining dose homogeneity in the clinical target. But it was associated with volume increment of low dose area in the brain and irradiation toward the head and neck region otherwise being not irradiated at all. Thus, this 2-D vertex technique can be a useful quasi-conformal method before getting 3-D apparatus.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

양성자 치료 시 양성자 빔의 특성을 이용하여 치료 부위에 국부적인 선량을 부여하고 정상조직에 불필요한 선량을 줄이기 위해서는 인체 내 양성자 빔의 비정을 실시간으로 확인하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위해 본 연구팀은 24개의 섬광검출기 배열 및 24채널의 신호 처리 시스템으로 구성된 즉발감마선 카메라 모듈을 개발하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다채널의 섬광 검출기 신호를 처리하기 위하여 이중모드 다채널 신호 처리 모듈을 개발하여 그 성능을 평가해보았다. 성능을 평가한 결과 에너지 교정 모드를 통해 다채널의 섬광검출기에 대하여 동시에 에너지 교정이 가능함을 확인하였고, 이를 통하여 정확하게 3 MeV에 해당하는 측정 하한 값을 결정할 수 있었다. 고속 데이터 획득 모드를 통해 45 MeV 양성자 빔에서 발생한 즉발감마선 분포를 측정한 결과 $3{\times}10^9$개의 양성자 빔에서도 양성자 선량 분포와 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있었고, 빔 비정을 평가한 결과 $17.13{\pm}0.76mm$로 EBT film을 통하여 측정한 비정인 16.15 mm와 굉장히 밀접한 관련이 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2003

삼차원 입체조형방사선치료나 세기조절방사선치료와 같은 다엽시준기(Multileaf Collmator, MLC)를 이용하는 보다 복잡한 방사선 치료 기술은 다엽시준기의 위치 및 운동의 검증의 중요성을 증가시키고 있다. 이러한 다엽시준기의 검증은 신뢰성과 그동안 축척된 경험적 검증능력으로 인하여 주로 필름을 가지고 수행되어왔다. 그러나 전자포탈영상장치(Electornic Portal Imaging Device, EPID)의 사용의 편이성과 디지털 영상 제공 능력은 낮은 임상편이성, 효율성, 비용대 수익률에도 불구하고 정기적인 정도확립(Quality Assurance, QA)에 현실적인 필름의 대체재로 관심을 모아왔다. 본 연구에서는 EPI를 활용한 다엽시준기의 정기적인, 특히 일간 정도확립법을 개발하였다. 정기적 정도확립을 위한 전자포탈영상(Electronic Portal Imaing, EPI)의 적용가능성에 대한 검증은 방사선 조사시 동시에 획득된 필름과 다엽시준기의 제어장치에 입력한 다엽시준기의 처방과의 비교를 통해 수행되었다. 특별히 설계된 두가지 형태의 시험형(test pattern)이 영상 획득 및 비교에 적용되었다. 정성적인 온라인 육안 검증과 함께 윤곽 검출 알고리듬을 이용한 정량적인 오프라인 분석이 검증 절차에 이용되었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 개발된 EPI를 이용한 다엽시준기의 일간 정도확립법은 필름의 정확도를 가지고 편리하게 수행될 수 있었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2012

Leksell은 뇌동정맥기형종의 중심에 280 kVp 관전압 방사선빔을 집속하는 방법으로 방사선수술법을 고안 시술한 바 있으며, 이 후 코발트-60 감마 선원 201개의 선속이 헬멧콜리메터를 지나 구의 중심에 초점을 이루게 한 감마나이프를 개발하여 표적병변에 높은 선량을 주어 비침습적으로 수술효과를 얻었다. 선형가속기는 높은 선량률과 1 mm 이내의 갠트리회전중심과 안정된 치료대회전 및 선량성능검증효과와 획기적으로 발전된 3차원선량계획 전산화에 힘입어 정밀하고 높은 정확성에 바탕을 둔 비공면궤적으로 방사선을 환부에 집속할 수 있어, 병변 주위의 정상조직에는 낮은 선량이 도달하고 병변에 높은 선량을 줄 수 있는 뇌정위방사선수술에 이용할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 Photon Knife는 환자의 체축을 이용하여 선속이 환부를 중심으로 종횡의 비공면궤적을 이루게 하여 치료선량분포에서 90%와 50% 선량폭을 2~3 mm 까지 좁힐 수 있는 기법을 보였다. 최근 선형가속기의 방사선수술은 2.5~3 mm 폭의 초박형 다엽콜리메터를 이용한 세기조절에 의한 시술이 늘어나는 경향이며, 종전의 종양의 크기에 따른 제한을 넘어 3 cm 이상의 종양에도 시행되고 있다. 뇌정위방사선수술은 선량모델을 뒷받침하는 마이크로 선량계측 및 평가와 성능보증이 필수적이며 선량분포의 경사도를 높이는 기법이 지속적으로 연구되어야 한다. 특히 초박형다엽콜리메터를 이용한 방사선수술은 다엽콜리메터 요철(Tongue and groove) 에 의해 일어나는 표적내 선량저하 부위를 평가하고 균등한 표적선량이 이루어지도록 하며, 마이크로 분해능을 가진 선량검증 방법이 앞으로 더욱 발전할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.218-225
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• 2017

Effects on skin caused by the dose from linear accelerator (LINAC) opposing portal irradiation and TomoDirect 3-D modeling treatment according to the radiation devices and treatment methods were measured, and a comparative analysis was performed. Two groups of 10 patients each were created and measurements were carried out using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. These patients were already receiving radiation treatment in the hospital. Using the SPSS statistical program, the minimum and maximum average standard deviations of the measured skin dose data were obtained. Two types of treatment method were selected as independent variables; the measured points and total average were the dependent variables. An independent sample T-test was used, and it was checked whether there was a significance probability between the two groups. The average of the measured results for the LINAC opposing portal radiation was 117.7 cGy and PDD 65.39% for the inner breast, 144.7 cGy and PDD 80.39% for the outer breast, 143.2 cGy and PDD 79.56% for the upper breast, 151.4 cGy and PDD 84.11% for the lower breast, 149.6 cGy and PDD 83.11% for the axilla, and 141.32 cGy and PDD 78.51% for the total average. In contrast, for TomoDirect 3-D conformal radiotherapy, the corresponding measurement values were 137.6 cGy and PDD 76.44%, 152.3 cGy and PDD 84.61%, 148.6 cGy and PDD 82.56%, 159.7 cGy and PDD 88.72%, and 148.6 cGy PDD 82.56%, respectively, and the total average was 149.36 cGy and PDD 82.98%. To determine if the difference between the total averages was statistically significant, the independent sample T-test of the SPSS statistical program was used, which indicated that the P-value was P=0.024, which was 0.05 lower than the significance level. Thus, it can be understood that the null hypothesis can be dismissed, and that there was a difference in the averages. In conclusion, even though the treatment dose was similar, there could be a difference in the dose entering the body surface from the radiation treatment plan; however, depending on the properties of the treatment devices, there is a difference in the dose affecting the body surface. Thus, the absorbed dose entering the body surface can be high. During breast cancer radiotherapy, radiation dermatitis occurs in almost all patients. Most patients have a difficult time while undergoing treatment, and therefore, when choosing a radiotherapy treatment method, minimizing radiation dermatitis is an important consideration.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2016

목 적 : 자궁경부암 환자의 방사선 치료 시 다른 장기의 위치 변화 및 부작용을 줄이기 위해 방광의 체적을 일정하게 유지하도록 한 후 초음파를 이용하여 방광의 체적 변화를 측정하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 9월부터 12월까지 부산대학교병원에서 방사선 치료를 받은 환자 11명을 대상으로 하였다. 방광의 체적을 일정하게 유지하기 위하여 CT치료설계 전후, 모의치료 60분전에 500 cc의 물을 마시도록 설계되었다. 치료설계 전후, 모의치료, 치료계획 시 방광의 체적을 비교분석하였다. 결 과 : CT스캔상에서 측정한 방광의 평균 체적과 오차는 치료설계시와 비교한 결과 편차가 작다. CT치료설계시와 CT치료설계직후는 통계적으로 유의하며 상관관계가 있는 것으로 보이고 초음파를 이용하여 측정한 방광의 체적은 CT상에서의 체적보다 크다. 다만 CT치료설계시와 모의치료 시는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결 론 : 모의치료시 일정한 양의 물을 마시도록 지시한 것이 방광의 체적을 유지하는데 도움이 될수 있었다. 그러나 배변과 일정한 양의 물을 마시도록 지시하더라도 모의치료시 방광의 체적을 일정히 유지하는데는 어려움이 있었다. 또한 환자들이 지시에 따라 정확히 수행하는 여부가 중요하다.