• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.17D no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Association rule mining techniques enable us to acquire knowledge concerning sales patterns among individual items from voluminous transactional data. Certainly, one of the major purposes of association rule mining is utilizing the acquired knowledge to provide marketing strategies such as catalogue design, cross-selling and shop allocation. However, this requires too much time and high cost to only extract the actionable and profitable knowledge from tremendous numbers of discovered patterns. In currently available literature, a number of interest measures have been devised to accelerate and systematize the process of pattern evaluation. Unfortunately, most of such measures, including support and confidence, are prone to yielding impractical results because they are calculated only from the sales frequencies of items. For instance, traditional measures cannot differentiate between the purchases in a small basket and those in a large shopping cart. Therefore, some adjustment should be made to the size of market baskets because there is a strong possibility that mutually irrelevant items could appear together in a large shopping cart. Contrary to the previous approaches, we attempted to consider market basket's size in calculating interest measures. Because the devised measure assigns different weights to individual purchases according to their basket sizes, we expect that the measure can minimize distortion of results caused by accidental patterns. Additionally, we performed intensive computer simulations under various environments, and we performed real case analyses to analyze the correctness and consistency of the devised measure.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2008

The present study describes the evaluation of the bioequivalence of two atorvastatin tablets, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Pfizer, reference drug) and Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ (Yuhan, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Forty-nine healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the atorvastatin dose of 40 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study with a two weeks washout interval. After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected at a specific time interval from 0-48 hours. The plasma atorvastatin concentrations were monitored by an high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) employing electrospray ionization technique and operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.5 min and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1-100 ng/mL for atorvastatin. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 48hr) was calculated by the linear log trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were complied trom the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ / Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$ were ${\log}\;0.9413{\sim}{\log}\;1.0179$ and ${\log}\;0.831{\sim}{\log}\;1.0569$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of ${\log}\;0.8{\sim}{\log}\;1.25$. Based on these statistical considerations, it was concluded that the test drug, Atorva $Tablet^{(R)}$ was bioequivalent to the reference drug, Lipitor $Tablet^{(R)}$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6303-6309
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• 2014

In this thesis, PBL was applied to the subject for improving students' many skills that modern industrial society demands. Our engineering school developed PBL problems for PBL use, applied the problems to classes and confirmed the effectiveness of PBL. The study subjects were 63 freshman students in H University who took the 'Introduce of computer engineering'. We applied 5 PBL problems for 15 weeks. They wrote and submitted a reflective journal when they finished the every given PBL activity. In addition, they completed a class evaluation form after the activity of 5th PBL Problem ended. The study showed that the students experienced the effectiveness of PBL, such as the comprehension of the studied contents, the comprehension of the cooperative learning, authentic experience, creative problem-solving skills, presentation skills, communication ability, self-directed study ability and confidence. Some difficulties in gathering together and spending much time were also encountered. The students realized that the PBL learning activities were important methods because the students could develop into future intelligent engineers that modern industrial society demands through PBL learning activities. The main goal of an engineering school is to produce specialists with creative problem solving ability so that the effects of this study are quite promising for our engineering school.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.585-595
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• 2017

This study investigates how the emotion-based learning motivation enhancement program influences learning motivation and social support of college students. The developed final program consists of Learning Motivation I, Learning Coaching, and Learning Motivation II, which has 12 sessions. In each session, every student was guided to have reflection time by writing self-evaluation and reflection paper. The participants were 38 students majoring in engineering at K-college located in G city who took one liberal arts subject based on psychology during the 1st semester in 2016 and who were divided into an experimental group (19 students) and a control group (19 students) by non-probability sampling method. In the experimental group, emotion-based learning motivation enhancement program was totally processed 12 times, one class in a week, by one main lecturer and one assistant lecturer. For data analysis, independent sample t-tests, paired samples t-tests, and review analysis were conducted. The study results are as follows. First, the experimental group participating in emotion-based learning motivation enhancement program had more significant differences in learning motivation, and both self-confidence and self-contentment among sub-components than the control group. Second, the experimental group had no significant differences in social support, compared with the control group. The impression writing analysis of the experimental group showed that this program affected learning motivation and social support. Lastly, the study discussions and implications are described.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2002

It has been recognized that the damage control must become a more explicit design consideration. In an effort to develop design methods based on performance it is clear that the evaluation of the nonlinear response is required. The methods available to the design engineer today are nonlinear time history analyses, monotonic static nonlinear analyses, or equivalent static analyses with simulated nonlinear influences. Some building codes propose the capacity spectrum method based on the nonlinear static analysis(pushover analysis) to determine the earthquake-induced demand given by the structure pushover curve. These procedures are conceptually simple but iterative and time consuming with some errors. This paper presents a nonlinear direct spectrum method(NDSM) to evaluate seismic performance of structures, without iterative computations, given by the structural initial elastic period and yield strength from the pushover analysis, especially for MDF(multi degree of freedom) systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the accuracy and confidence of this method from a point of view of various earthquakes and unloading stiffness degradation parameters. The conclusions of this study are as follows; 1) NDSM is considered as practical method because the peak deformations of nonlinear system of MDF by NDSM are almost equal to the results of nonlinear time history analysis(NTHA) for various ground motions. 2) When the results of NDSM are compared with those of NTHA. mean of errors is the smallest in case of post-yielding stiffness factor 0.1, static force by MAD(modal adaptive distribution) and unloading stiffness degradation factor 0.2~0.3.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.343-352
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• 2021

A convergence study was conducted to develop a smartphone application for self-practice of core nursing skills and evaluate its usefulness for undergraduate nursing students. Mobile Application Rating Scale and seven essay questionnaire were used to for usability evaluation among 22 undergraduate nursing students. The score of the information domain was the highest with 4.19(SD 0.79). The subjective quality domain showed the lowest score of 3.08(SD 0.87). Participants' performance confidence score was 8.23(SD 1.60), and learning satisfaction score was 7.89(SD 0.87). Participants reported that the convenience and repetitive self-learning were the strengths of the app. In addition, design and technical supplementation, and lecturer-feedback would improve effectiveness of the current educational app. Findings of this convergent study would be helpful to promote the application of mobile apps for effective self-learning of core nursing skills in undergraduate nursing education. Future resesarch is needed to examine effectiveness study of mobile app on the performance of core nursing skills.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.256-266
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• 2019

There are many different job skill evaluation scales, but the development of the job skill scale for the workers in the local child care centers has much to be improved. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the job skill scales for the workers of local child care centers. It is also the purpose of this study to specify the scope of work for such workers and define the job skills to develop a tool to evaluate the job skills of them, eventually. As for the study method, the researcher conducted literature review and Delphi survey to extract the job skill factors. Then, after going through a discussion with an expert, the researcher developed the preliminary questions to verify the validity of the contents and the certification validity. For this, a survey was conducted with the workers in local child care centers across the country, and a total of 221 questionnaires have been used for analysis. With this, a total of five job skill factors for such workers were identified, based on which 20 questions were developed to constitute the scale. The sub-factors identified were student supervision, program planning, child education, administrative works, and link-up with the local community. The confidence level of the scale developed in this study was Cronbach ${\alpha}=.940$(N=221). With the scale of the job skills of the workers in local child care centers, it would be possible to develop various job skill programs. And, this would be able to be used for evaluating the job skill levels of not only the workers in the local child care centers but also other child-care service providers.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 2019

This study was aimed to reveal that the usual cold or heat state was associated with hypertension and could be a risk. We emailed educational personnel in D university to join this study and 182 subjects participated in from March to December in 2016. The usual cold or heat diagnosis was conducted by two experts who had over 10 years expertise. The blood pressure was measured from the subjected after 10 minute rest with Jawon medical device. The hypertension was diagnosed by the guide of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The frequency analysis was used in general characteristics, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient analysis was conducted in among continuous variables, and chi-square test was also used between hypertension and cold or heat group. Logistic regression was analyzed to generate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension. The cold score was suggested to have negative association with Body mass Index (BMI, -.374, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (-.333, p<.001), and diastolic pressure (-.261, p<.001). The heat score was analyzed to have positive association with Body mass Index (.413, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (.249, p<.001), and diastolic pressure (.156, p<.001). The distribution of the cold group (35.1%) and non-cold group (64.9%) in hypertension was significantly different (p=0.18). The distribution of the heat group (62.2%) and non-heat group (37.8%) was significantly different (p=0.27). The usual cold was associated with decreased ORs (ORs 0.405, 95% CI=0.191-0.857), and usual heat was associated with increased ORs (ORs 2.327, 95% CI=1.108-4.888). However, after adjusting body mass index, sex, and smoking, the association was not significantly different. It is possible that usual cold or heat associate with hypertension. Further study is needed to show that usual heat may be a independent risk factor for hypertension through follow up design.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.328-334
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• 2019

Background: Although the frequency of respiratory viral infection in patients with pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not uncommon, clinical significance of the condition remains to be further elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics and outcomes of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with influenza and other respiratory viruses. Methods: Clinical data of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with respiratory viruses January 2014-June 2018 were reviewed. Respiratory viral infection was identified by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Among 126 patients who underwent multiplex RT-PCR, respiratory viral infection was identified in 46% (58/126): 28 patients with influenza and 30 patients with other respiratory viruses. There was no significant difference in baseline and clinical characteristics between patients with influenza and those with other respiratory viruses. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was more frequent in patients with influenza than in those with other respiratory viruses (32.1% vs 3.3%, p=0.006). Co-bacterial pathogens were more frequently isolated from respiratory samples of patients with pulmonary ARDS infected with influenza virus than those with other respiratory viruses. (53.6% vs 26.7%, p=0.036). There were no significant differences regarding clinical outcomes. In multivariate analysis, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II was associated with 30-mortality (odds ratio, 1.158; 95% confidence interval, 1.022-1.312; p=0.022). Conclusion: Respiratory viral infection was not uncommon in patients with pulmonary ARDS. Influenza virus was most commonly identified and was associated with more co-bacterial infection and ECMO therapy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.430-436
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not the d-dimer level indicating hyperfibrinolysis could be a predictor of early poor outcome (massive transfusion, death within 24 hours) associated with trauma-induced coagulopathy in blunt trauma without significant brain injury. Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study using 516 blunt trauma patients without significant brain injury. The poor outcome group, including patients receiving massive transfusion and those who died within 24 hours, consisted of 33 patients (6.4%). The variables were compared between the poor outcome group and good outcome group, and logistic regression analysis was performed using statistically significant variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the poor outcome prediction ability of the initial d-dimer level. Results: The poor outcome group showed more serious anatomical, physiological, and laboratory data than the good outcome group. In the ROC curve analysis for evaluation of the poor outcome prediction of the d-dimer level, the area under the curve value was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.90) while the cut-off value was 27.35 mg/L. In the logistic regression analysis, the high d-dimer level was shown to be an independent predictor of poor outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 14.87; 95% CI, 2.96-74.67). Conclusion: The high d-dimer level (>27.35 mg/L) can be used as a predictor for the poor outcome of patients with blunt trauma without significant brain injury.