• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회논문집(I)
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• pp.641-646
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• 2000

This paper describes an experimental investigation on the influence of concrete cover thickness on tension stiffening behavior. Total 36 direct tension specimens were tested with variation of cover thickness. Three different concrete compressive strengths were also considered. After cracking, as the cover thickness becomes thinner and the concrete strength becomes higher, tensile stiffness is decreased. Thereby an increase in cover thickness results in increase of the tensile cracking load and tension stiffening effect. Also the increase in concrete strength results in sudden decrease in tension stiffening effect. Hence, the cover thickness and concrete strength are proved to be important factors in tension stiffening behavior.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제3권2_3호
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• pp.145-161
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• 2006

This article involves architecting prototype-fuzzy expert system for designing the nominal cover thickness by means of fuzzy inference for quantitatively representing the environment affecting factor to reinforced concrete in chloride-induced corrosion environment. In this work, nominal cover thickness to reinforcement in concrete was determined by the sum of minimum cover thickness and tolerance to that defined from skill level, constructability and the significance of member. Several variables defining the quality of concrete and environment affecting factor (EAF) including relative humidity, temperature, cyclic wet and dry, and the distance from coast were treated as fuzzy variables. To qualify EAF the environment conditions of cycle degree of wet-dry, relative humidity, distance from coast and temperature were used as input variables. To determine the nominal cover thickness a qualified EAF, concrete grade, and watercement ratio were used. The membership functions of each fuzzy variable were generated from the engineering knowledge and intuition based on some references as well as some international codes of practice.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2017

The paper concerns concrete carbonation, the phenomena that occurs in every type of climate, especially in urban-industrial areas. In European Standards, including Eurocode (EC) for concrete structures the demanded durability of construction located in the conditions of the carbonation threat is mainly assured by the selection of suitable thickness of reinforcement cover. According to EC0 and EC2, the thickness of the cover in the particular class of exposure depends on the structural class/category and concrete compressive strength class which is determined by cement content and water-cement ratio (thus the quantitative composition) but it is not differentiated for various cements, nor additives (i.e., qualitative composition), nor technological types of concrete. As a consequence the selected thickness of concrete cover is in fact a far estimation - sometimes too exaggerated (too safe or too risky). The paper presents the elaborated "self-terminated carbonation model" that includes abovementioned factors and enables to indicate the maximal possible depth of carbonation. This is possible because presented model is a hyperbolic function of carbonation depth in time (the other models published in the literature use the parabolic function that theoretically assume the infinite increase of carbonation depth value). The paper discusses the presented model in comparison to other models published in the literature, moreover it contains the algorithm of concrete cover design with use of the model as well as an example of calculation of the cover thickness.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.323-326
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• 2005

Uniaxial tension test of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bar reinforced concrete prisms was performed. The objective was to investigate the adequate cover thickness of the GFRP rebars. The tension stiffening effect of GFRP bar reinforced concrete was also studied. The test variables included rebar types (conventional steel rebar and two different GFRP rebars) and cover thicknesses (five different cover thicknesses ranging between 1-3db). Normal strength concrete was used. Cracking patterns on concrete surface and cracking loads were careful1y observed during the direct tensile test. The test results indicated that the adequate cover thickness of the GFRP rebars may even be larger than that of the steel rebars and that the cover thickness of 2db commonly specified for the GFRP rebars may not be large enough. The tension stiffening effect of the GFRP rebars was also quantified and documented from the test results.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2009

Concrete carbonation is a cause of problems in concrete structures, so it needs to be estimated. And concrete cover is designed to protect structures from this damaging. Usually the cover thickness is considered based on the limit states design codes in which the important target is the reliability safety index. However, it is not clear that whether the safety index determined is optimal or not with respect to the cost. The codes are mainly proceeded quantitatively (i.e. making a safe structure) while the economic aspects are only considered qualitatively. So the reliability-based design considering life cycle cost (LCC) is called for, and here the focus is on the advanced analysis solution to optimize the reliability safety regarding LCC.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.693-700
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• 2017

Concrete cover cracking due to the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is one of the main causes of deterioration in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. The oxidation level of the bars causes varying levels of expansion. The rebar expansions could lead to through-thickness cracking of the concrete cover, where depending on the cracking characteristics, the service life of the structures would be affected. In this paper, the effect of geometrical and material parameters, i.e., concrete cover thickness, reinforcing bar diameter, and concrete tensile strength, on the required pressure for concrete cover cracking due to corrosion has been investigated through detailed numerical simulations. ABAQUS finite element software is employed as a modeling platform where the concrete cracking is simulated by means of eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). The accuracy of the numerical simulations is verified by comparing the numerical results with experimental data obtained from the literature. Using a previously proposed empirical equation and the numerical model, the time from corrosion initiation to the cover cracking is predicted and then compared to the respective experimental data. Finally, a parametric study is undertaken to determine the optimum ratio of the rebar diameter to the reinforcing bars spacing in order to avoid concrete cover delamination.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.791-797
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• 2011

이 논문은 인장증강효과에 대한 피복두께의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시한 12개의 축하중을 받는 직접인장 실험체의 실험 결과를 정리 분석한 것이다. 피복두께와 철근 직경의 비를 주 변수로 선정하여 6개의 서로 다른 피복 두께를 갖는 실험체를 제작하여 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면 피복두께가 얇을수록 쪼갬균열의 영향이 크게 나타났으며, 인장증강효과와 균열간격이 감소하였다. 그리고 균열안정화 단계에서의 인장증강효과도 피복두께가 얇아질수록 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 현행 설계기준의 인장증강효과 모델들은 피복두께의 변화에 따른 인장증강 거동의 차이를 반영할 수 없으며, 특히 피복두께가 얇을수록 인장증강효과가 감소하는 현상을 고려하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서 수행한 실험 및 분석 결과를 근거로 하여 인장증강효과에 피복두께의 영향을 반영할 수 있는 인장증강 계수 수정식을 제안하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.86-89
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• 2003

It is recognized that reinforcement corrosion is the main distress behind the present concern regarding concrete durability. In this study, to confirm corrosion of reinforced concrete affected by thickness of cover, kinds of surface coating, measured electric potential, ratio of corrosion area, weight reduction, corrosion velocity of steel bar under environment of complex deterioration. The results showed that an increase in age also increases corrosion of steel bar. Ratio of corrosion area is largely related to ratio of weight reduction. as well, corrosion of steel bar by thickness of cover is superior to l0mm thick than 20mm thick. It showed that an increase in thickness of cover prevent steel bar from deteriorating. The results of this study showed that corrosion velocity was affected by thickness of cover, kinds of surface coating. data on the development of corrosion velocity made with none, organic B, organic A, inorganic B, and inorganic A is shown.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2005

This article involves architecting prototype-fuzzy expert system for designing the nominal cover thickness by means of fuzzy inference for quantitatively representing the environment affecting factor to reinforced concrete in chloride-induced corrosion environment. In this work, nominal cover thickness to reinforcement in concrete was determined by the sum of minimum cover thickness and tolerance to that defined from skill level, constructability and the significance of member. Several variables defining the quality of concrete and environment affecting factor (EAF) including relative humidity, temperature, cyclic wet and dry, and the distance from coast were treated as fuzzy variables. To qualify EAF the environment conditions of cycle degree of wet-dry, relative humidity, distance from coast and temperature were used as input variables. To determine the nominal cover thickness a qualified EAF, concrete grade, and water-cement ratio were used. The membership functions of each fuzzy variable were generated from the engineering knowledge and intuition based on some references as well as some international codes of practice.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2022

이 연구에서는 FRP 보강근과 콘크리트의 횡방향 열팽창 거동이 콘크리트 피복두께에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 온도 20℃를 기준으로 -70℃~80℃까지 변화시켜가며, 콘크리트의 거동을 해석적으로 검토하였다. 이를 위해 서로 다른 FRP 보강근의 지름과 피복 두께를 가지는 FRP 보강근 콘크리트를 대상으로 이론적 탄성해석과 비선형 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 음의 온도차이에서는 콘크리트가 압축을 받아 이론적 변형율 결과와 유한요소결과가 유사하였지만, 양의 온도차이에서는 콘크리트에 인장응력이 발생하고 더 나아가 균열이 발생하여 이론적 결과보다 1.2~1.4 배 큰 변형률을 나타내었다. 또한 FRP 보강근의 지름과 콘크리트의 피복두께 비(c/db)가 균열의 발생과 밀접한 연관이 있으며, 보강근의 지름에 비하여 피복두께가 부족할 경우 균열이 발생하여 구조물의 사용성이 저하되었다. FRP 보강근의 횡방향 열팽창계수는 콘크리트보다 3배 이상 크기 때문에, 설계 시 이에 대한 고려가 필요하다고 판단되었다.