• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2016

The transcriptional profiles of 'Tamnara' grapevine (Vitis labruscana L.) to Rhizobium vitis were determined using 12,000 gene oligonucleotide microarray chips constructed with 6,776 unigenes based on the EST sequencing. Among them, 95 clones were up-regulated more than three times and 90 were down-regulated more than 5-times in the R. vitis-inoculated grapevines relative to the control vines. Treatment of salicylic acid showed that 337 clones were upregulated and 52 clones were down regulated in grapevines. Microarray analysis, reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction, and slot blot hybridization analysis revealed that 5, 14, and 64 clones were up-regulated and 10, 12, and 61 clones were down-regulated in wounded, salicylic acid-treated, and R. vitis-inoculated 'Tamnara' grapevine leaves, respectively. The expression patterns of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, proline-rich protein, and lipoxygenase genes of 'Tamnara' moderately resistant to R. vitis were similar to those of resistant 'Concord' and 'Delaware' grapevines. However, chalcone synthase genes in 'Tamnara' grapevines showed similar expression patterns to susceptible grapevines 'Neomuscat' and 'Rizamat'. Further expression studies with various clones for each gene should be conducted to elucidate their roles in resistant responses against pathogens or other stimuli in grapevines. These results could provide better resources for understanding the mechanism of defense responses against crown gall disease and clues for identifying new genes that may play a role in defense against R. vitis in grapevines.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and duration of action of two concentrations of bupivacaine with adrenaline for postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgical removal of four third molars under general anesthesia. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing surgical removal of four wisdom teeth received bupivacaine 0.5% (n = 30) or 0.25% (n = 30). The severity of pain in the immediate recovery period and at 2 and 24 h after surgery was recorded using the visual analogue scale. Differences were assessed by box and whisper plot and the Student's t-test. Results: The analgesic effects of the 0.25% and 0.5% doses were significantly different (P = 0.022) at 30 min after surgery but not after 2 and 24 h. The difference of mean of 0.25% and 0.5% was much higher after 0.5 h but less after 2 and 24 h. Conclusions: Bupivacaine 0.5% was statistically better for pain control during the immediate postoperative period, but there was no significant difference in pain control between the two dose strengths at 2 and 24 h after surgery.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to compare hemodynamic and recovery characteristics of total intravenous anesthesia using propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) versus sevoflurane for extraction of four third molar teeth. Methods: One hundred patients undergoing extraction of four third molar teeth under general anesthesia were randomized to one of two groups. Group 1 received propofol TCI-oxygen for induction and propofol TCI-oxygen-air for maintenance. Group II received a propofol bolus of 2 mg/kg for induction and sevoflurane-oxygen-air for maintenance. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), operating time, time to emergence, nausea and vomiting, and sedation and pain scores were measured in each group. Results: Demographic data, including age, gender, weight, and height, were not significantly different between the two groups. The MAP was significantly higher after intubation (P = 0.007) and injection of anesthesia (P = 0.004) in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group, with significant reflex bradycardia (P = 0.028). The mean time to emergence from anesthesia using propofol was 25 s shorter than that of sevoflurane (P = 0.02). Postoperatively, the propofol group was less sedated than the sevoflurane group at 30 min (0.02 versus 0.12), but this difference was not significant (P = 0.065). Conclusion: Both propofol TCI and sevoflurane are good alternatives for induction and maintenance of anesthesia for short day-case surgery. However, propofol TCI does not blunt the hemodynamic response to sudden, severe stimuli as strongly as sevoflurane, and this limitation may be a cause for concern in patients with cardiac comorbidities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.615-627
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to identify the difference of value and clothing behavior by generation, and to suggest a [device for family concord by overcoming a generation gap. Data was obtained from 106 families(daughter, mother, and grandmother in one family), of which the daughter was attending Ewha Womans University. And it was analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan.test, x2_test, ANCOVA ant two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Each generation showed different values. Mother and grandmother perceived greater importance for each value except political value. 2. Each generation has its own clothing behavior characteristics. Style, silhouette, skirt length, and neckline preferrences were different by generatiorts. In general, mothers and grandmothers showed si mil ar characteristics. Wearing size and subjective feeling for suitability were also different by generation. Finally in consumption behavior, preferred clothing price and expenditure were also differed by generation.

• Gut and Liver
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.615-622
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• 2018

Despite the well-proven, safe and effective therapies for hepatitis B infection, delivery of treatment remains a significant challenge in resource-poor settings. Geopolitical and economic restrictions present additional difficulties in providing care in North Korea. However, treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B remains a top priority for both the North Korean Ministry of Public Health and international agencies working in North Korean hepatitis healthcare facilities. Working in partnership, a path was created to institute this much-needed program. A consortium of United States and Australian humanitarian non-governmental organizations along with generous individual and corporate donors working in concert with local and national health authorities have succeeded in establishing the first hepatitis B treatment program in North Korea. The essential elements of this program include renovation of existing hepatitis hospitals, access to antiviral medications, establishment of laboratory facilities, creation of medical documentation and record-keeping, training of local health care professionals, and quarterly visits by international volunteer physicians and laboratory experts. Management and treatment decisions are made bilaterally. To date, nearly 1,500 patients have been evaluated, and over 800 have been started on long-term antiviral therapy. It is envisioned that this program will eventually be managed and funded by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Ministry of Public Health. This program's success demonstrates a potential model for delivery of antiviral therapy for patients suffering from hepatitis B in other developing countries.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2011

All of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus and 50% of common carp. Cyprinus carpio examined in this study were infected with the leeches, Limnotrachelobdella sinensis. Especially, the infection of C. carpio with L. sinensis was the first report in Korea. The gill of C. auratus showed increased hydrophic degeneration of epithelial cell in the filament, blood congestion, hyperplasia of epithelial cell in the filament and lamellae. In the SEM observation, gill filament was transformed to the cylinder form by the lamellae fusion. The lamellae surface showed degeneration, fragmentation of microridges. The extracellular cartilaginous matrix of the filaments was exposed by the collapse of epidermal layer. In the 18S rRNA analysis of L. sinensis, the relationships among these groups are not clear and not concord with their morphological classification.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-127
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• 2002

This paper deals with a class of Middle English impersonal constructions that involve verbs of two-place argument structure. As is generally understood, the term 'impersonal' is notoriously murky, and after all those researches that have been performed in this area, quite a few issues still remain controversial. The issues we center around in the present study concern the following two. In the type of impersonal constructions we consider, the two arguments-Cause and Experiencer-are both expressed in oblique case, posing the problem of determining which of them functions as the grammatical subject. The issue, however. is not how an argument in oblique case can be taken as the subject: it is well blown that the so called 'dative subject Experiencer' already occurred in Old English. The real issue is why both of the arguments are syntactically realized as nonnominative. The other issue concerns the 3rd-person singular form of the verb. Here again, the crux of the problem may be blurred by the fact that impersonal construction is often defined as one in which the verb has 3rd-person singular form with no apparent nominative W controlling verb concord. But this definition is more nebulous than clear because the notion 'subjectless' is itself highly controversial. Thus, for an expression like me thinketh that-S, it may well be that the verb thinketh ('seems') is 3rd-person singular because the that-clause is the subject. What should be explained of the data brought up here is why the impersonal verb is 3rd-person singular when neither of the NPs associated with it is 3rd person or singular. I argue that we can account for our paradigm examples by looking upon them as 'mixed construction' in which semantic interpretation conflicts with syntactic parsing as a result of case syncretism and gradual establishment of SVO word order. This amounts to saying that the peculiarities of the construction originate with the confused use of impersonal verbs between the sense of 'give an impression' and that of 'receive and impression.'

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.103-114
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• 2002

Recently, it is more important to do part of software designers for developing user-centered software. They produce visual document for helping communication between developers and visual diagram for analyzing user need factors based on user scenario. Case study of architecture real dispatch service can show developing samples. It is important to produce visual document for one combined opinion between developers in process of defining of development boundary, main concept development, selecting of development system. And visual document process with visual language by software designer is step for recognizing of user need factors before developing interface design in process of collecting design factors of user and environment and analyzing design factor by user scenario. Also, in process of interface and prototype development, it need visual document for peaceful and concord process between developers. Those visual documents with visual language could help to define developers role and duty, user-centered concept development and various interface development proposal during software developing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.95-96
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• 2001

문장에서 술어를 수식하는 대표적인 표현은 부사어이다. 부사어는 일반적으로 문장 구성에서 핵심적 역할을 하지 않는 첨가어(adjuncts)이기 때문에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 보충어(complements)에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 덜 이루어진 분야이다. 그렇지만 부사어는 피수식어의 의미를 구체화/한정하는 기능을 하기 때문에 정확한 의사소통을 위해서는 반드시 필요한 요소이며 어순, 호응(concord)등의 통사적 현상과도 밀접한 관련이 있다. 이 연구의 일차적 목적은 이러한 부사어를 통사적, 의미적 기준에 의해 정확하게 분류하고 그들의 분포제약을 밝히는 것이다. 그 다음으로, 부사어와 관련된 통사 현상으로, 부사어와 피수식어의 공 기(co-occurrence)관계 및 부사어와 술어 어미의 호응 관계에 대한 분석을 제공하려고 한다. 부사어는 통사적인 기준과 의미적인 기준으로 분류할 수 있다 (손남익 1995, 김경훈 1996, 임유종 1998). 통사적 기준으로는 단어나 구를 수식하는 성분부사와 문장을 수식하는 문장 부사로 나누는 방법과 위치에 대한 제약이 있느냐 없느냐에 따라 제약부사와 자유부사로 나 누는 방법이 있다. 이 두 통사론적 기준에 의해 분류되는 부사들은 서로 어떤 상관관계를 보이고 있는지 살펴 볼 것이다. 일반적으로 문장부사는 문두에 놓여야 한다는 위치적 제 약 이 있기 때문에 제약부사로 분류된다. 의미적 기준으로 부사어를 분류할 수도 있는데, 시간/ 공간 부사어, 양태/정도 부사어 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 의미적 기준에 의해 분류된 부사어는 통사적 기준에 의해 분류된 것들과는 어떤 상호 관련성을 맺고 있는지 살펴 볼 것이다. 일 반적으로 시간부사와 장소부사는 자유부사에 속하며 양태부사와 정도부사는 제약부사에 속 한다. 부사어와 피수식 요소와의 통사적 공기 관계 및 의미적 관계 그리고 그와 관련된 문 법 현상도 연구의 대상이 된다. 예를 들어, 자유로운 어순을 가진 부사들이지만 “＊순이는 빨리 과연 달린다”에서 볼 수 있는 종류의 분포적 특성을 알아 볼것이다 (심재기 1982, 송 철의 1989). 또한 “길이/＊길게 빛나다”와 “＊길이/길게 드리워졌다”와 같은 대조에서 나타나는 통사, 의미적 기능의 상관 관계 및 제약들의 상호 작용도 살펴 볼 것이다.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.55-76
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze the main features of Mongolian arbitration system compared with Korean Arbitration Law which was revised under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Model Law. On the basis of this comparative study, certain differences are suggested: First, the environment of Mongolian arbitration is still insufficient in terms of its operation and usage at the international level. Second, the Mongol National Arbitration Court has established Ad-hoc Arbitration Rules and has promoted Ad-hoc Arbitration although it is an institutional arbitration organization. Third, the arbitration objects are defined as the types of tangible and intangible assets in Mongolia which are different from those of the Korean Arbitration Law. Accordingly, court and officer disputes, family disputes, labor-management relations, and criminal matters are covered by the arbitration objects. Fourth, Mongol Arbitration Law specifies the following persons disqualified for arbitrator appointment: the member of the Constitutional Court, judge, procurator, inquiry officer, investigator, court decision enforcement officer, attorney, or notary who has previously rendered legal service to any party of the disputes, and any officials who are prohibited by laws to be engaged in positions above the scope of their duties. Fifth, the arbitrator selection and appointment criteria should be documented, and the arbitrator should have the ability to resolve the disputes independently and fairly and achieve concord from both parties. Sixth, if there is no agreement between the parties, the arbitration language should be Mongolian, and the arbitral tribunal has no power to decide on it. Seventh, despite the agreement for a documentary hearing between the parties, there should be provided opportunities for an oral hearing if either of the parties requires it. Eighth, if the parties do not understand the language of the arbitration, the parties can directly ask the translation service. They should also keep secrets in the process of arbitration. Ninth, the cancellation of arbitral award is allowed by the application of the parties, not by the authority of the court. Except for the nine differences above, the Mongolian arbitration system is similar to that of the Korean Arbitration Law. This paper serves to contribute to the furtherance in trade relationship between Mongolia and Korea after the rapid and efficient resolution of disputes.