• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2016

Objective: Newborn screening leads to improved treatment and disease outcomes, but false-positive newborn screening results may impact include parental stress and anxiety, perception of child as unhealthy, parent-child relationship dysfunction, and increased infant hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate of the false positive rates and the causative factors of false positive results in Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMS) in single center. Methods: Records were reviewed for all 18,872 subjects who were born in Cheill General Hospital, during January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2014. 17,292 neonates (91.62%) were tested for tandem mass screening almost in 2-5th day of life. Newborn babies whose first results were abnormal had been tested repeatedly by same methods in 7-14 day. If the results were abnormal again, further evaluation was performed. TMS analysis included data for the 43 disorders screened for using TMS broken down into three categories: fatty acid oxidation disorders, organic acidurias, and aminoacidopathies. The impact of several factors on increased false positive rates was analyzed using a multivariate analysis: time from birth to sample collection, birth weight, birth height, BMI, gender, gestational age, delivery type. Results: Males of the subjects were 8942 (51.7%), female 8350 (48.3%), the mean gestational age was $38.6{\pm}1.7$ weeks, the average birth weight $3,155.6{\pm}502.4g$, the average birth height $49.1{\pm}2.9cm$, and the average BMI $13.0{\pm}3.8(kg/m^2)$. Vaginal delivery cases were 9713 (56.2%), caesarean section 7,579 (43.8%). The average date of the inspection was $2.8{\pm}1.1$ days. 224 cases were identified as TMS positive. All the subjects were false positive (222/17,292, 1.30%) except 2 cases (1 male; benign phenylketonuria and 1 female; Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). The false positive rates were 0.61% in fatty acid oxidation disorders, 0.25% in organic acidurias, and 0.45% in aminoacidopathies. In our study, the date of inspection got late, the false positive rates got higher. Because almost the cases of late test date were in treatment in neonatal intensive care unit so their test date was affected by their medical conditions. False positive rate was higher in extreme immaturity${\leq}27$ weeks than newborns of gestational age >27 weeks [OR=6.957 (CI=1.273-38.008), p<0.025] and extremely low birth weight<1,000 g than newborns of birthweight ${\geq}1,000g$ [OR=5.616 (CI=1.134-27.820), p<0.035]. Conclusion: False positive rate of TMS was 1.30% in Cheil General Hospital. Lower gestational age and birth weight impacted on increased false positive rates. Better understanding of factors that influence the reporting of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting. of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the rate of incidence, location and the clinical value of the rotator cuff retear by analyzing MRI scans, which was taken after an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 109 patients, who underwent a shoulder MRI scan after an average of 10.6 months later from the arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. We only defined the 'retear' when the Sugaya type IV and V was observed in the sagittal section of the MRI. The location of the retear was divided into the medial and lateral areas by the site, which was 1 cm medial to the anchor insertion. We investigated the incidence rate and the location of the retear, in terms of the age, sex, initial tear size and the suture method. Also, we compared the functional score of the retear group and the non-retear group, after an average of 13.9 months follow-up. Results: There were 38 of the 109 patients that showed the rotator cuff retear. Of these patients, 25 were male patients, and 13 were female patients. Of the 38 patients with the rotator cuff retear, 21 patients were included in the <3 cm retear group, and 17 were included in the ${\geqq}3$ cm retear group. At the end of the follow up period, all 109 patients showed a statistical significant improvement in the shoulder functional score. Conclusion: According to the follow up of the MRI scan, which was taken after the rotator cuff repair, the retear rate reached 34.9 %, and there were no significant differences on the age and the suture method. More rotator cuff retear occurred in male patients, and the initial tear size was positively correlated with the incidence rate of the rotator cuff retear. Also, the retear was more frequently observed at the medial side. That is because when the suture was performed, excessive tension was loaded on the medial side of the suture site.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2008

The 25 healthy male volunteers aged from 20 to 50years old have been employed in this study. 2D-PC MRA was performed to measure the velocity of the blood flow in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular veins using 3.0T MRI Whole body (signa VH/i GE). ECTRICKS-CEMRA was performed to evaluate the pattern of blood circulation from internal carotid artery to internal jugular vein. Using 2D-PC MRA, the cross-section of the 4th and 5th cervical discs was scanned with 24cm FOV. Then the speed of blood flow was measured for internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein when the subject wears a necktie tightly and no tie. The average of maximum velocity of internal carotid arteries without a necktie was 72.13cm/sec in the right side and 74.96cm/sec in the left side(average 73.54cm/sec in both sides) while the average of maximum velocity of internal jugular veins without a necktie was -34.45cm/sec in the right side and -24.99cm/sec in the left side (-29.72cm/sec in both sides). However, when wearing a necktie tightly, the average of maximum velocity of internal carotid arteries was 61.35cm/sec in the right side and 65.19cm/sec in the left side(average 63.27cm/sec in both sides) while the average of maximum velocity of internal jugular veins was -22.14cm/sec in the right side and -17.93cm/sec in the left side(-20.03cm/sec in both sides). With the necktie tightly knotted, the average blood flow speed of both internal carotid arteries slightly decreased to 86% (63.27/73.54cm/sec) compared to no tie case in which both internal jugularveins significantly went down to 67% (-20.03/-29.72 cm/sec). Thus it is suggested that wearing a necktie affects the circulation of internal jugular veins(33% decrease in blood flow speed) more significantly than that of internal carotid artery(14% decrease in blood flow speed). Without a necktie, ECTRICKS-CEMRA showed natural blood circulation patterns of internal carotid arteries and internal jugular veins without any disturbances or compressions. However, when wearing a necktie tightly, ECTRICKS-CEMRA showed severe compression onto both internal jugular veins in all 25 volunteers. In conclusion, the result of the study showed that the tightly worn necktie instantly presses more internal jugular veins than internal carotid arteries, thereby significantly reducing the blood flow speed and leading to the temporary occlusion. Thus, the defecation or washing the face under the tightly tied necktie situations can cause the unexpected and temporary compression or occlusion of the internal jugular veins, subsequently leading to the occurrences of the stroke due to the secondary intracranial venous hypertension.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.874-878
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was undertaken to develop an animal model of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) induced by in utero clamping of pregnant rat aorta in fetal rats. Methods : A timed pregnanct Sprague-Dawley rat on embryonic day 21 just prior to delivery was sedated and anesthetized, and a Harvard ventilator for small animals was applied. Following laparotomy, the maternal aorta was clamped reversibly for 40 minutes using a surgical clip. The fetal rats were then delivered by Cesarean section, resuscitated if necessary, and reared by a surrogate mother rat until postnatal day 21 to obtain the brain specimen. After systemic perfusion and fixation, $10{\mu}m$ thick serial brain sections were obtained and stained for pathologic examination and assessment of ventriculomegaly. Ventriculomegaly was assessed by the measured ventricle to total brain volume ratio. Results : Eight out of eleven fetal rats (73%) survived in the ischemia group after induction of in utero ischemia by clamping maternal rat aorta, and all ten survived in the control group. Body and brain weights measured at postnatal day 21 were significantly lower in the ischemia group compared to the control group. In pathologic findings, significant ventriculomagaly ($3.67{\pm}1.21%$ vs. $0.23{\pm}0.06%$) was observed in the ischemia group compared to the control group; although cystic lesion was not observed, mild (n=6) and moderate (n=2) rerefaction of the brain tissue was observed. Conclusion : A fetal rat model of PVL induced by in utero clamping of pregnant rat aorta was developed.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

There are various performance factors for SMEs in order to survive in the rapid changing market and it is discussing the importance of entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial orientation based on many researches. Thus, it is worth to analyze factors of seize new opportunity and firm's performance to build sustainable competitive advantages, which provide the directions to SMEs. This study investigates through exploratory research that the important factors of entrepreneurial orientation and the influence factors on firm's performance confirmed by empirical study. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation of SME CEO, learning orientation and corporate performance was verified following section. First, entrepreneurial orientation (pro-activeness, competitive aggressiveness, risk taking, innovativeness) was to examine the effect of learning orientation; Second, entrepreneurial orientation was to examine the impact on firm's performance; and in the last, validated learning orientation affect factors that are mediated between entrepreneurship orientation and firm's performance through empirical research. The results of this study, each SME have shown that they have a different impact on firm's performance based on a variety of entrepreneurial orientation. This result shows that the need for a separate independent study on entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs. In conclusion, this study implicates that entrepreneurial orientation is important role for firm's performance, entrepreneurs of SMEs are innovative rather than competitive aggressive, and risk taking activities positively affect firm's activity. The conclusions of this study would be utilized to develop the entrepreneurial orientation when necessary for entrepreneurs of SMEs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of the this study was to evaluate the effect of various perinatal conditions on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in cord blood. Methods : Cord blood samples were collected from 130 neonates immediately after birth. TSH, $T_3$, and free $T_4$ levels were measured by the radioimmunoassay(RIA) method. The effects of gestational age, sex, birth weight, delivery method, perinatal asphyxia, maternal diabetes mellitus(DM), and preeclampsia on TSH and thyroid hormone levels were assessed by ANOVA test, Student t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Results : Birth weight and sex did not affect TSH and thyroid hormone levels. TSH level increased according to gestational age(P<0.05). TSH level was $4.42{\pm}0.66{\mu}IU/mL$ in infants born vaginally, which was higher than that of cesarian section delivery($3.31{\pm}0.33{\mu}IU/mL$)(P<0.05). TSH level was $5.18{\pm}0.93{\mu}IU/mL$ in asphyxiated newborns and $2.97{\pm}0.84{\mu}IU/mL$ in non-asphyxiated newborns(P<0.05). TSH level in infants with maternal DM($8.911{\pm}1.25{\mu}IU/mL$) was higher than that of infants without maternal DM($4.32{\pm}0.42{\mu}IU/mL$)(P<0.05). TSH level was $5.28{\pm}0.42{\mu}IU/mL$ in infants with maternal preeclampsia and $3.65{\pm}0.46{\mu}IU/mL$ in infants without maternal preeclampsia(P<0.05). Thyroid hormones were lower in infants with perinatal asphyxia(P<0.05). In asphyxiated infants, $T_3$ level was $75.33{\pm}55.65ng/mL$ and free $T_4$ was $0.54{\pm}0.21ng/mL$. $T_3$ and free $T_4$ level was $109.85{\pm}41.77ng/mL$ and $0.76{\pm}0.22ng/mL$ each in infants without perinatal asphyxia. Among the perinatal factors, gestational age, 1 min Apgar score and maternal DM influenced TSH level independently. Conclusion : In our study, cord blood TSH and thyroid hormone levels were affected by perinatal stress events.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.268-271
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• 2007

Purpose : Premature narrowing of the foramen ovale is rare but serious clinical entity. Prenatal narrowing or obstruction of the foramen ovale shows symptoms such as right heart failure, fetal hydrops, triscupid regurgitation, left heart obstructive disease, and supraventricular tachycardia. This study aimed to assess the prenatal diagnosis and postnatal clinical course of restrictive foramen ovale in utero in otherwise normal heart. Methods : The subjects were five patients diagnosed with restrictive foramen ovale in utero from January 2001 to June 2005 at Chungnam National University Hospital. The diagnostic criteria was defined when the maximum diameter in a 4-chamber view is less than 2.5 mm and there is a continuous doppler velocity at the foramen ovale of more than 0.6m/s. Results : At the time of diagnosis of restrictive foramen ovale, gestation age was 34~37 wks, and chief complaints were fetal arrhythmia(2 cases), pericardial effusion, Ebstein anomaly and subaortic stenosis. Two cases which were diagnosed fetal hydrops and supraventricular tachycardia delivered by emergent cesarian section. Five cases were found to have right heart dilatation on echocardiogram after birth, but right heart dilatation became normalized at day 7 after birth and the clinical courses were not eventful. Conclusion : Identifying an obstructed foramen ovale in the fetus warrants the further search for additional cardiac and extracardiac anomalies, which may alter the prognosis. Delivery should be induced if possible in cases of foramen ovale obstruction with signs of cardiac decompensation.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.45
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• pp.147-175
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• 2016

This thesis aims to research ways for the regional balanced development of cartoon creation & production environment being centered in metropolitan area in Korean cartoon industry which has rapidly changed since 2013. As a cartoon can not only be produced with relative lower production cost comparing to those of other cultural contents industries, but also can be produced only if the minimal requirements for cartoon production is prepared, so the cartoon is a field that the decentralization can be accomplished very easily. Currently, most cartoon-relevant companies and cartoon promotion institutions are located in Seoul an Bucheon, etc. However, cartoon artists live nationwide, and even cartoon artists producing their works abroad are reached to a significant number. In some regions like Daejeon, Busan, Suncheon and Gyeongbuk (Gyeongsangbuk-do), there have been appeared full-scale movement to construct regional cartoon creation & production centers since 2015. This thesis aimed to investigate each region's movement to construct cartoon creation & production center with oversea cases, and to check how such movement could be balanced and harmonized with each region's unique features. First of all, this thesis analyzed the status quo of government's policy nurturing the cartoon industry. Korean government's cartoon-promotion policy around the axis of the Cartoon Industry's Mid.Long-Term Development Plan has been developed around the Korea Creative Content Agency and the Korea Manwha(cartoon) Contents Agency in Bucheon, but as the webtoon industry has rapidly grown up, the necessity for building a cartoon promotion institution in each region has been raised since 2015. With the establishment of 4th Cartoon Industry Mid.Long-Term Development Plan to be executed from 2019, it seems that full-scaled support framework for cartoon regional balanced development should be occupied. For the case of foreign countries, cartoon promotion institutions and relevant events have been developed around regions from early times like San-Diego, USA(Comicon), Angouleme, France(National Image Center), Kyoto (Cartoon Museum), Sakaiminato(Misuki Sigeru Road), Japan gave a lot of implications. In the section of conclusion, this study aimed to suggest the importance of and necessity for establishing a cartoon creation & production center in each region appropriately for the region's identity and characteristics with specific plans. Based on that, this thesis aimed to suggest a vision for cartoon & webtoon industry that regional creation & production system can be settled almost only in the cultural contents industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

While cities became bigger and bigger since 1990s, many indiscretely high buildings started to be built in the mountain areas inside a city and in the rural areas in the suburb of each city. To regulate such indiscrete developments, the government prepared for some relevant legal and institutional criteria by having enacted the "Landscape Act" and established a strong management means in the legal and institutional aspects by having introduced the natural landscape deliberation system and the landscape deliberation one into the "Natural Environment Conservation Act." However, since some uniform levels of absolute height and no. of stories are suggested legally and institutionally, it is hard to consider the effects of a real building structure onto the relevant landscape. Accordingly, this thesis is intended to grasp the contrast of the landscape elements in the allowable height section, which is presented through landscape sensitivity. As the results from the visual contrast rating on a small apartment complex located in Dangjin and a large scale of apartment complex in Seosan as the apartment complexes surrounded with natural landscapes that were selected as the subjects of this study, the following conclusion can be finalized. First, there were deducted some factors, that is, forms, lines, colors, textures and sizes as the ones with which can measure and evaluate the contrasting properties when a structure gets into a natural landscape. Second, in case of a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground) compared to a large one (in the foreground), it was found that the contrasting properties were bigger. In addition, it was also found that the contrasting property of the landscape factor of the foreground compared to that of the middle one becomes bigger depending on a distance. Third, as the results from an evaluation on the contrasting properties of the landscape factor depending on the changes of each floor of a structure, it was found that the factors, that is, forms, lines, colors, textures and sizes are very significant. Among those factors, the factors, forms and lines in a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground) showed each log regression. But in all of the other cases, they showed each line regression. Fourth, as the results from examining the regression coefficients of the landscape factor, the coefficients of the shapes and lines have similar coefficients and the colors and the textures have similar ones, too. In case of the sizes of apartment complexes, the colors and the textures of a large apartment complex (in the foreground) have similar coefficients, in case of that in the middle ground, the shapes and lines have similar coefficients. Fifth, as the results from estimating the contrasting properties of the landscape factor on the floors within the allowed scope of the landscape sensitivity, it was found that the contrasting property was 3.5 to 4.9 in case of a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground), but 2.5to 3.7 in case of a small scale of one. In case of a large scale of apartment complex, the value was 3.5 to 5.3, but in case of a large one in the middle ground was 2.9 to 4.9. Sixth, it was comprehended that the contrasting properties of the landscape factor become different depending on each size of apartment complex and the distance of a view point. In this study, it is intended to find the meaning from the aspect that the results can be used as the baseline data for comprehending a proper range of heights of structures objectively during a natural landscape deliberation or a landscape deliberation.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2010

Purpose : The goal of this study was to measure bilirubin levels over 6 hours using a transcutaneous bilirubinometer. The change in the bilirubin levels were recorded in anomogram. The natural progress of jaundice in neonates was monitored using the nomogram and cases were identified that needed further follow-up observation and treatment. Methods : The subjects of this study were 986 healthy term or near-term infants at the age of 35 weeks or older who were born at Sung-Ae General Hospital during the period from October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2009 and whose parents were both Koreans. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurements were obtained using a transcutaneous bilirubinometer (Minolta, JM-103) from 6 hours of life to discharge at intervals of 6 hours. A nomogram was derived from the obtained data and compared to the delivery method, gestational age, and feeding method. Results : Percentile graphs were drawn according to time. Based on the graphs, phototherapy was necessary in more than 90 percent of the infants between 35 and 37.6 weeks of age and in 95 percent of the infants 38 weeks and older. The mean bilirubin level at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after birth were compared according to the delivery method, gestational age, and feeding method. The bilirubin level in 48 hours was significantly higher in neonates born via cesarean section delivery compared to the neonates born via vaginal delivery, however the levels were not statistically different at the other hours. Conclusion : The results of this study show the nomogram derived from hour-specific transcutaneous bilirubin levels. This information can be used to predict the risk for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia.