• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2014

Fat and fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues are among the major factors influencing meat quality particularly nutritional value and palatability. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of supplementing inorganic selenium (Se), iodine (I) and a combination of both on fatty acid compositions in serum, and supraspinatus (SS), longissimus lumborum (LL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in goats. Twenty-four, 7 to 8 months old, Kacang male goats with a mean live weight of $22.00{\pm}1.17kg$ were individually and randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each for 100 d of feeding prior to slaughter. The animals were offered the same concentrate (basal) diet as 1% of body weight with ad libitum amount of fresh guinea grass. The four groups were as follows: T1 (control) - basal diet without supplementation; T2 - basal diet with 0.6 mg Se/kg DM; T3 - basal diet with 0.6 mg I/kg DM; T4 - basal diet with combination of 0.6 mg Se/kg DM and 0.6 mg I/kg DM. The major fatty acids (FAs) detected in the serum were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n9) and linoleic (C18:2n-6), while the major FAs in the selected muscles were C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9 acids. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) detected in muscles and serum were (CI8:2n-6), linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the concentration of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) among the four groups. PUFA concentrations in the goats supplemented with Se (T2) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the goats of the control group (T1). The PUFA: SFA ratio was significantly higher in the animals supplemented with dietary Se (T2) than those of control ones (T1). It is concluded that dietary supplementation of inorganic Se increased the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle. The supplementation of iodine with or without Se had negligible effects on muscle fatty acid content of Kacang crossbred male goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.340-346
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• 2010

Buffaloes usually maintain higher body condition and do not produce milk at the cost of their own body reserves under tropical conditions. The mobilization of body reserves for fulfilling the demands of lactation has been extensively studied in dairy cows while limited work is available on this aspect in dairy buffaloes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine variations in milk fatty acid profiles with body condition in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. A total of 24 Nili-Ravi buffaloes within 60 days after parturition, were selected from a private dairy farm in the district of Peshawar. All animals consumed the same diet during the experimental period. A total of 576 raw milk samples were collected for laboratory analysis. The study continued up to 6 months during 2008. Body condition score (BCS), milk yield and composition were recorded once a week. Means for milk fatty acid profile were compared for various levels of BCS. The mean milk yield and fat content were 9.28 kg/d and 5.36%, respectively. The total saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 64.22 g/100 g and the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were 35.79 g/100 g. Of the SFA the highest amount was recorded for $C_{16:0}$, followed by $C_{18:0}$, and $C_{14:0}$. The total sum of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (HCFA, $C_{12:0}$, $C_{14:0}$ and $C_{16:0}$) was 43.33 g/100 g. The concentrations of UFA were greater for moderate BCS followed by poor and highest BCS while SFA showed the opposite trend. The correlation analysis showed that milk yield was negatively affected by BCS and milk fat positively affected, though non-significantly. The present study suggests that Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes produce similar milk to dairy cows regarding availability of cardioprotective fatty acids, with the highest concentration of $C_{18:1\;cis-9}$. Two HCFA ($C_{12:0}$ and $C_{14:0}$) were associated with higher body condition. Buffaloes with moderate body condition yielded milk containing healthier fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.696-704
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various levels of milk by-product in weaning pig diet on growth performance, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and economic performance for weaning to finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), average $7.01{\pm}1.32kg$ body weight (BW), were allotted to four treatments by BW and sex in 10 replications with 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with various levels of milk by-product (Phase 1: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). During weaning period (0 to 5 week), weaning pigs were fed experimental diets and all pigs were fed the same commercial feed during growing-finishing period (6 to 14 week). Results: In the growth trial, BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the nursery period (5 weeks) increased as the milk by-product level in the diet increased (linear, p<0.05). Linear increases of pig BW with increasing the milk product levels were observed until late growing period (linear, p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in BW at the finishing periods, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio during the entire growing-finishing periods. The blood urea nitrogen concentration had no significant difference among dietary treatments. High inclusion level of milk by-product in weaner diet decreased crude protein (quadratic, p = 0.05) and crude ash (Linear, p = 0.05) of Longissimus muscle. In addition, cooking loss and water holding capacity increased with increasing milk product levels in the weaner diets (linear, p<0.01; p = 0.05). High milk by-product treatment had higher feed cost per weight gain compared to non-milk by-products treatment (linear, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation of 10% to 5% milk by-products in weaning pig diet had results equivalent to the 30% to 15% milk treatment and 0% milk by-product supplementation in the diet had no negative influence on growth performance of finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.881-887
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) as an alternative feed ingredient to wheat bran on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk composition, and blood profiles of gestating sows. Methods: Forth multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were fed experimental diets starting at 35 days of pregnancy and an initial average body weight (BW) of $211.53{\pm}8.86kg$. Each sow was assigned to a treatment based on BW, backfat thickness (BF) and parity with 10 sows per treatment. Treatments were as follows: i) corn-soybean meal based diet with 6% of wheat bran (C0); ii) basal diet with 2% of CNT and 4% of wheat bran (C2); iii) basal diet with 4% of CNT and 2% of wheat bran (C4); and iv) basal diet with 6% of CNT (C6). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in BW and BF of gestating sows throughout the experimental period. However, changes in BF (p = 0.09) and the daily feed intake of sows (p = 0.09) tended to linearly increase during the lactation period. The weaning to estrus interval (WEI) showed a quadratic response to CNT treatment (p = 0.02), and the C2 diet showed the shortest WEI. Litter birth weight (p = 0.04) and piglet birth weight (p = 0.06) were linearly decreased with increase in CNT. Furthermore, there had no significant differences in piglet weight and litter weight in 21 day. Insulin concentration at day 70 of gestation was linearly reduced with increasing CNT level in diets (p = 0.03). Conclusion: When 6% CNT replaced wheat bran in gestating sow diets, there were no negative effects on sow performance, but litter birth weight and piglet birth weight were decreased when CNT level increased in gestating sow diets.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4555-4561
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• 2014

Background: Silencing due to methylation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a negative regulator gene for the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been reported to play important roles in leukemogenesis. Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that specifically targets the BCR-ABL protein and induces hematological remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Unfortunately, the majority of CML patients treated with imatinib develop resistance under prolonged therapy. We here investigated the methylation profile of SOCS-3 gene and its downstream effects in a BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib. Materials and Methods: BCR-ABL positive CML cells resistant to imatinib (K562-R) were developed by overexposure of K562 cell lines to the drug. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTS assays and $IC_{50}$ values calculated. Apoptosis assays were performed using annexin V-FITC binding assays and analyzed by flow cytometry. Methylation profiles were investigated using methylation specific PCR and sequencing analysis of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1, 2 and 3 were examined by Western blotting. Results: The $IC_{50}$ for imatinib on K562 was 362nM compared to 3,952nM for K562-R (p=0.001). Percentage of apoptotic cells in K562 increased upto 50% by increasing the concentration of imatinib, in contrast to only 20% in K562-R (p<0.001). A change from non-methylation of the SOCS-3 gene in K562 to complete methylation in K562-R was observed. Gene expression revealed down-regulation of both SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes in resistant cells. STAT3 was phosphorylated in K562-R but not K562. Conclusions: Development of cells resistant to imatinib is feasible by overexposure of the drug to the cells. Activation of STAT3 protein leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation in imatinib resistant BCR-ABL due to DNA methylation of the SOCS-3 gene. Thus SOCS-3 provides a suitable candidate for mechanisms underlying the development of imatinib resistant in CML patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제80권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2017

Background: Streptomycin (SM) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a part of standard regimens for retreating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases. The incidence of MDR-TB in retreatment cases was 19% in Thailand. To date, information on SM resistance (SMR) gene mutations correlated to the SMR of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thai isolates is limited. In this study, the mutations in rpsL, rrs, gidB, and whiB7 were investigated and their association to SMR and the lineage of M. tuberculosis were explored. Methods: The lineages of 287 M. tuberculosis collected from 2007 to 2011 were identified by spoligotyping. Drug susceptibility profiles were evaluated by the absolute concentration method. Mutations in SMR genes of 46 SM-resistant and 55 SM-susceptible isolates were examined by DNA sequencing. Results: Three rpsL (Lys43Arg, Lys88Arg, and Lys88Thr) and two gidB (Trp45Ter and Gly69Asp) mutations were present exclusively in the SM resistant M. tuberculosis. Lys43Arg rpsL was the most predominant SMR mutations (69.6%) and prevailed among Beijing isolates (p<0.001). No SMR-related mutation in was found rrs. The combination of rpsL and gidB mutations provided 76.1% sensitivity for detecting SMR in M. tuberculosis Thai isolates. whiB7 was not responsible for SMR in SM resistant isolates lacking rpsL and rrs mutations. The significance of the three gidB mutations, 276A>C, 615A>G, and 330G>T, as lineage signatures for Beijing and EAI were underscored. This study identified 423G>A gidB as a novel sub-lineage marker for EAI6-BGD1. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the majority of SMR in M. tuberculosis Thai isolates were responsible by rpsL and gidB polymorphisms constantly providing the novel lineage specific makers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2016

This study was aimed to evaluate the stability of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) by nano-encapsulation against in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation by microbial enzymatic conversion. CLAs (free fatty acid form of CLA [CLA-FFA], nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA, triglyceride form of CLA [CLA-TG], and nano-encapsulated CLA-TG) were used in the in vitro fermentation experiments. When Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (B. fibrisolvens) was incubated with CLA-FFAs, the concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid (VA) slightly was decreased and increased by nano-encapsulation, respectively. When B. fibrisolvens was incubated with CLA-TG, the concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA decreased, but these were increased when B. fibrisolvens was incubated with nano-encapsulated CLA-TG. The nano-encapsulation was more effective against the in vitro biohydrogenation activity of B.fibrisolvens incubated with CLA-FFA than with CLA-TG. In the in vitro ruminal incubation test, the total gas production and concentration of total volatile fatty acids incubated with nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA and CLA-TG were increased significantly after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). Nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA might, thus, improve the ruminal fermentation characteristics without adverse effects on the incubation process. In addition, nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA increased the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes and decreased the population of B. fibrisolvens population. These results indicate that nano-encapsulation could be applied to enhance CLA levels in ruminants by increasing the stability of CLA without causing adverse effects on ruminal fermentation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1984

Pilot scale 연속식(連速式) 김치순간살균장치(瞬間殺菌裝置)를 사용한 무우김치살균시(殺菌時) 살균효과(殺菌效果)를 분석(分析)하기위해 살균시간(殺菌時間)에 따른 생균수(生菌數)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하였으며 simulation model을 설정(設定)하여 김치내(內) 생균수(生菌數)의 감소(減少)를 예측(豫測)하고 실제 실험치(實驗値)와 비교(比較) 분석(分析)함으로써 simulation model의 적용타당성(適用妥當性)을 검정(檢定)하였다. 1. 김치숙성균(熟成菌)의 D값은 가열온도(加熱溫度) 60, 64, 70, 75, $80^{\circ}C$에서 각각(各各) 2.21, 1.62, 0.73, 0.32, 0.21분(分)이었으며 z값은 $19^{\circ}C$였다. 2. 김치시료(試料)를 4 l/min의 유속(流速)으로 1cycle 살균처리(殺菌處理)하는데 소요(所要)되는 시간(時間)은 0.99분(分)으로 약 1분(分)이 소요(所要)되었다. 3. 총살균효과(總殺菌效果)에서 예열부(豫熱部)에서의 살균효과(殺菌效果)가 차지하는 비율(比率)은 30%, 살균(殺菌) 예냉(豫冷) 냉각부(冷却部)에서의 살균효과(殺菌效果)가 차지하는 비율(比率)은 70%이었다. 4. 살균부(殺菌部)의 온도(溫度)가 65, $70^{\circ}C$일때 관내(管內)를 통과하는 김치액(液)의 시간(時間)에 대한 직선적(直線的) 온도변화(溫度變化)와 지수적(指數的) 온도변화(溫度變化)로부터 유도(誘導)된 두개의 simulation model equation에 의한 예측치(豫測値)와 실제 실험치(實驗値)가 비교적(比較的) 잘 일치(一致)하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2005

Yerusalem sage를 물과 에탄올로 추출하여 생리 기능성을 알아보았다. 추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 물 추출물이 9.4 mg/g, 알코올 추출물이 11.1 mg/g로 나타났고 추출물의 항산화 효과는 DPPH가 물 추출물과 알코올 추출물 각각 97.6%, 87.2%로 나타났고, antioxidant protection factor는 각각 1.1, 1.6으로 알콜 추출물이 물 추출물보다 높게 나타났다. ABTS는 물 추출물과 알코올 추출물에서 각각 96.8%, 91.4%로 높게 나타났으며 TBARS 값은 $0.9{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M,\;0.3{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$로 대조구 $1.1{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$에 비해 malonaldehyde와 thiobarbituric acid가 반응하여 생성되는 복합체 TBARS값이 낮아 추출물이 지방 산화에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. Helicobacter pylori균의 항균활성 측정을 위하여 알콜 추출물의 phenolic compound 함량을 $50\;{\mu}g$에서 $200\;{\mu}g$까지 $50\;{\mu}g$씩 disc paper에 증가시켜 첨가한 결과 저해환의 직경이 첨가량이 증가할수록 9 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm로 크게 나타났다. HPLC로 항산화 및 항균력을 가진 페놀산의 존재유무를 분석한 결과 물과 알코올 추출물에서 chlorogenic acid함량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과로 Yerusalem sage는 인공 합성 항산화제가 가지는 단점을 보완할 수 있는 천연 항산화제 및 위 십이지장 계통의 질환을 예방하는 기능을 겸비한 기능성 물질로 개발이 기대되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2005

Basil을 물과 에탄올로 추출하여 생리 기능성을 알아 보았다. 추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 열수 추출물이 $286.0\;{\mu}g/ml$, 알코올 추출물이 $250.0\;{\mu}g/ml$로 나타났다. 추출물의 항산화 효과는 DPPH가 열수 추출물과 알코올 추출물이 각각 87.0%, 93.9%로 나타났고, antioxidant protection factor는 각각 0.7, 1.2으로 낮게 나타났다. ABTS는 열수 추출물이 96.8%, 알코올 추출물이 94.7%로 높게 나타났으며 TBARS는 $0.2{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M,\;0.6{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$로 대조구 $2.9{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$에 비해 malonaldehyde와 thiobarbituric acid가 반응하여 생성되는 복합체 TBARS값이 낮아 추출물이 지방 산화에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. ACE 저해 효과와 XOase 저해 효과는 알코올 추출물에서 각각 96.6%, 100.0%로 열수 추출물 각각 39.9%, 54.7%보다 높게 나타났다. HPLC로 분석한 결과 알콜 추출물에서 rosemarinic acid가 가장 많은 것으로 나타 났다. 이 결과로 Basil은 인공 합성 항산화제가 가지는 단점을 보완할 수 있는 천연 항산화제 및 통풍 저해와 항 고혈압 기능을 겸비한 기능성 소재로의 개발이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.