• 제목/요약/키워드: Concentrated treatment condition

검색결과 42건 처리시간 0.022초

시판표백제에 의한 농축세제의 세척성 향상과 섬유 손상 (The Detergency Improvement and Fabric Damage in the Washing Treatment by Commercial Bleaching Agents)

  • 배정숙
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제37권2호
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    • pp.113-126
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    • 1999
  • In order to investigate the detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric, respectively, these fabrics stained with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin, and fat and examined the detergency effect in the optimum washing condition. The evaluation of washing efficiency of washed fabrics studied by using the surface reflectance measurement before and after washing treatment. The maximum detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric obtained in the mixed washing liquor-bleachig agen(ml)/concentrated washig agent(g/l). To obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step washing treatment, pre-washing by bleaching agent only and washing by concentrated detergent, is preferred. In comparing the detergency of polyester and cotton fabric, the detergency of stained polyester fabric superior than that of stained cotton fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing soled stained fabric. In this study, we also studied the degree of fabric damage by the measurement of tensile strength change. From the results of the tensile strength measurement, the damage of washed fabric before and after washing treatment was nearly changed.

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냉연공장 도금공정에서 발생되는 폐수의 효율적인 미생물 처리에 관한 연구 (Effective Treatment of Wastewater from the Electroplating Plant of Cold-mill by using Microorganism)

  • 김상식;김형진
    • 공업화학
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.301-306
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구에서는 냉연도금공장의 각 단위공정에서 발생되는 폐수를 미생물을 이용하여 안정하게 처리하기 위하여 각 폐수의 특성파악과 처리조건을 도출하고자 하였다. 발생되는 폐수 중 알칼리성폐수가 전체폐수의 64%를 차지하였으며, 산중금속함유폐수는 30%를 차지했다. 탈류폐액의 COD는 53890 mg/L로 전체 폐수발생량의 0.03%에 불과함에도 불구하고 COD의 53%를 유발하고 있었으며, COD의 94%는 SCN에 의해 기인하였다. 혼합폐수를 미생물로 처리할 때 혼합폐수 중 SCN농도가 200 mg/L 이하일 때 제거가 용이하였다. 반면 COD 유발물질은 400 mg/L 이하가 되더라도 처리효율이 미흡하였다. 이는 탈류폐액 중에는 난분해성 유기물질이 다량 함유되어 있기 때문이라 판단된다. 혼합폐수를 처리할 때 초기에 pH가 7.33이었지만 8 h 후에는 7.99로 상승하였다. 이는 탈류폐액에 함유된 SCN이 박테리아에 의해 분해될 때 발생되는 암모니아에 의해 기인한 것으로 사료된다.

흰쥐의 류마티스 관절염 모델에서 봉약침의 농도별 처리 조건에 따른 치료 효과 (The Effect of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture Therapy on the Condition of Different Concentration in Rheumatoid Arthritis Rat Model)

  • 유덕선;염승룡;이수경;권영달;송용선
    • 한방재활의학과학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.101-123
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : The aim was to study the effect of bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy with different concentration on rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Methods : We enforced a bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy with different concentration on rheumatoid arthritis rat model by the intradermal injection of chicken type II collagen emulsified. 14 days after the onset of the rheumatoid arthritis rat model, a fixed volume of bee venom was daily injected to ST-35 acupoint in the rat's knee joint for 2-3 weeks. The hind paw volume, arthritic index, arthritic flexion pain test, pain threshold, and serum analysis (CRP, $PGE_2$, ALT, AST) were analyzed, and the expression profiles of COX-2, c-fos, and substance-P at the dorsal horn region of the spinal cord and subchondral bone of the knee joint were also analyzed by using the immunohistochemistry. Results : After the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis rats with bee venom pharmacopuncture, the paw volume of edema of arthritic rats were almost restored to the level of normal group, and behavior tests were very effective. Also the evaluation on the blood serum analysis was remarkable. COX-2, c-fos, and substance-P positive cells in the immunohistological section of dorsal horn region of the spinal cord and subchondral bone of the knee joints were significantly decreased. also the bee venom pharmacopuncture was effective to alleviate their rheumatoid arthritic inflammation cytokine inhibition as regards to the behavior tests and joint histological appearance. Conclusions : Based on the results in this study, bee venom pharmacopuncture with concentrated treatment condition was very effective in low fixed quantity and progressive low increased quantity.

유동성이 우수한 분체특성을 갖는 세파졸린 나트륨 진공동결건조 분말의 제조 (Preparation of Freeze-dried Cefazolin Sodium Bulk Powder with Good Flowability)

  • 조정식;정은주
    • 약학회지
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.284-289
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    • 1998
  • The effect of reaction condition, solvent addition and thermal treatment on the bulk density, crystallinity and chemical properties of the freeze-dried cefazohn sodium was inves tigated to prepare the cefazolin sodium powder for injection with good flowability. Crystalline cefazolin sodium powder with high untapped-bulk density (about 45%) and low compressibility (about 40%) was obtained by solvent addition to the very highly concentrated cefazohn sodium solution followed by subsequent thermal treatment before freeze-drying. The desirable solvent was low substituted alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol and anhydrous ethanol with the final concentration of about 9%. The pH adjustment and nitrogen gas purging during the reaction did not give significant effect on the chemical properties such as content, color, transmittance and pH of the reconstituted cefazolin sodium aqueous solution.

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고강도 강판의 성형성에 미치는 Shot Blasting 가공 조건의 영향 (Effect of Shot Blasting Treatment on the Formability of Thin High Strength Steels)

  • 박기철;김재익
    • 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국소성가공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.341-344
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    • 2008
  • In order to study the effect of shot blasting condition on the formability of thin high strength steels, specimens were made by changing line speed of a commercial shot blasting plant with maintaining constant impeller condition. Surface roughness of prepared specimens was multiplied by lowering line speed or increasing density of shot impact. Formability was reduced as increasing shot impact. The elongation and stretching formability of shot blasted sheet were decreased by about 10% compared to original sheet. More significant decrease in bending formability was observed after shot blasting. This might be due to the concentrated impact near the surface where major strain occurs during bending process.

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Polyester/면 혼방직물의 alkali 처리가공 (Alkali-Treatment of Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabric)

  • Lee, Suk-Young;Cho, Hwan
    • 한국염색가공학회지
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.6-14
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    • 1991
  • To develop an one-bath process for weight-reduction and mercerization of polyester/cotton fabric, concentrated NaOH solution was padded and steam-treated at high temperature. Following results which can be used commercially are obtained. (1) Steaming temperature of 110-12$0^{\circ}C$ is most efficient. (2) Optimum concentration of NaOH solution is 15-20%. (3) Most favorable weight-reduction is 20% in the aspect of fabric handle, and under this treating condition, dye exhaustion onto the mercerized cotton fiber is also increased to 40% or more. From above results, we believe that the economical and concurrent weight-reduction and mercerzation of polyester/cotton fabric can be realized. Moreover, with continuous treatment by pad-steam procedure, it is expected that this is, also, advantageous for the improvement of fabric quality and productivity.

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온도 및 황산처리가 헛개나무 종자의 발아에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Temperature and Sulfuric acid treatment on the Germination of Hovenia dulcis Thunb)

  • 이강수
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.166-172
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    • 2001
  • 본 연구는 헛개나무 종자의 휴면 타파 방법과 발아 조건을 구명 하고자 실시하였다. 종피를 제거하지 않은 종자는 온도와 상관없이 발아하지 않았으나 종피를 제거하였을 경우에는 $15^{\circ}C$에서 94%가 발아되었다. 종피를 파상하기 위한 휴면타파 방법은 농황산을 40분간 처리하는 것이 효과적이었다. 종자를 건조 저장하였을 경우 채종 후 5년까지도 발아능력은 유지하고 있으나 발아율이 다소 낮아졌고 평균발아일수가 길었다. 장기(5년) 저장한 종자는 30일 이상의 저온처리에 의하여 발아율이 높아져 저온처리효과가 인정되었다.

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돈분뇨의 적합한 호기성 액비화를 위한 암모니아 탈기조건 설정 (Estimation of Ammonia Stripping Condition for Adequate Aerobic Liquid-Composting of Swine Manure)

  • 손보균;강성구;조은주;김신도;이창주;김정호
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제39권2호
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 2006
  • 돈분뇨 중의 악취 성분을 제거하는 동시에 퇴비의 C/N 비를 적정 수준으로 유지하기 위한 방안으로서 축산농가에 보급을 목적으로 pilot 장치를 제작하여 돈분뇨를 호기성 액비화 처리하기 이전에 암모니아 탈기공정 실험을 수행하였다. 암모니아 탈기를 위한 pH 조정을 $Ca(OH)_2$를 이용하였으며, NaOH에 비해 훨씬 현장 적용성이 용이한 것으로 파악되었다. 암모니아 탈기공정의 적정 pH를 도출하기 위해 각각 pH를 9.3, 10.9, 12.3 으로 조절하여 탈기실험을 수행한 결과 pH가 가장 높은 12.3에서 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 이때 반응온도는 $35^{\circ}C$이었다. 암모니아 탈기공정이 진행되는 동안 유리암모니아 질소의 가스상 암모니아로의 전환을 통해 발생되는 방출속도는 탈기공정 초기에는 $0.5355mole\;s^{-1}$ 이었고 탈기공정 후기에는 $0.0253mole\;s^{-1}$ 로 나타나, 주로 탈기공정 초기에 많은 양의 암모니아 가스가 방출되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 탈기공정중 C/N비 변화는 초기 돈분뇨 원수가 4.5이었고 탈기공정 초기에 6.3으로 증가한 이후에 점진적으로 증가하였다. 적정한 탈기를 위한 최적의 탈기시간은 TN과 TC의 회귀 곡선을 통해 C/N비가 6.5 부근인 약 48시간이 적합한 것으로 결론지었다. 탈기를 통해 돈분뇨 중의 암모니아성 질소성분은 79.6% 저감되었으며, 흡수액을 통해 배출된 암모니아가스의 81.3%를 제거하였다.

Physical Dormancy in Seeds of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) from Korea

  • Kim, Sang-Yeol;Oh, Seong-Hwan;Hwang, Woon-Ha;Kim, Sang-Min;Choi, Kyung-Jin;Kang, Hang-Won
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제53권4호
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    • pp.421-426
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    • 2008
  • Freshly harvested seed of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) was strongly dormant because of hardseedness. Seeds of freshly harvested germinated only 8% while clipping the seed coat completely overcome the innate dormancy, which indicates inhibition of germination of the seed is mainly due to seed coat (87%). The dormant (intact) hard seeds did not imbibe water whereas the non-dormant (clipped) seeds took up rapidly. In natural environment condition, the hard seed coat dormancy was broken only after 5 months after seed harvest. To break such a strong seed coat dormancy, the chemical and heat treatments were effective. Concentrated sulfuric acid was more effective than dry heat and hot water treatments. Hot water treatment improved germination but the germination percentage was less than 41%. Treatments increased germination due to its effect on the seed coat integrity. A scanning electron microscope reveled that disruption of seed coat layers and subsequent development of numerous crack in the hilum region of the seed and on the seed coat surface of concentrated sulfuric acid treatment and formation of cracks in the dry heat treatments, respectively, were observed in the seed coat surface, which served as water entry points.

역삼투막을 이용한 가스하이드레이트 해수담수화 공정 내 용존 가스의 제거 가능성 평가 (Removal potential of dissolved gas in gas hydrate desalination process by reverse osmosis)

  • 유현욱;김민석;임준혁;김종하;이주동;김수한
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.635-643
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    • 2016
  • Gas hydrate (GH)-based desalination process have a potential as a novel unit desalination process. GHs are nonstoichiometric crystalline inclusion compounds formed at low temperature and a high pressure condition by water and a number of guest gas molecules. After formation, pure GHs are separated from the remaining concentrated seawater and they are dissociated into guest gas and pure water in a low temperature and a high pressure condition. The condition of GH formation is different depending on the type of guest gas. This is the reason why the guest gas is a key to success of GH desalination process. The salt rejection of GH based desalination process appeared 60.5-93%, post treatment process is needed to finally meet the product water quality. This study adopted reverse osmosis (RO) as a post treatment. However, the test about gas rejection by RO process have to be performed because the guest gas will be dissolved in a GH product (RO feed). In this research, removal potential of dissolved gas by RO process is performed using lab-scale RO system and GC/MS analysis. The relation between RO membrane characteristics and gas removal rate were analyzed based on the GC/MS measurement.