• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1143-1149
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• 2023

Objective: We investigated the effects of outdoor access for 1 h per day on the animal welfare (AW) of tethered cows, in terms of lying and sleeping postures, and immune function. Methods: A total of five dry cows were tethered all day indoors (tethering) for 30 days and then tethered indoors with 1 h daily outdoor access (ODA-1h) for 30 days. To analyze the effects of ODA-1h, we calculated the total duration and bout frequency per day, and bout duration of lying and sleeping postures during the last five days of each treatment period. We also analyzed the populations of T cells, B cells, and NK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and determined the concanavalin A (Con A) -induced proliferation rate of T cells. Results: The mean total time per day of lying during the ODA-1h treatment was significantly shorter than that during the tethering treatment (p<0.001). The Con A-induced proliferation rate of T cells during the ODA-1h treatment was significantly higher than that during the tethering treatment (p = 0.007). The proportion of NK cells in PBMC during the ODA-1h treatment tended to be higher than that during the tethering treatment (p = 0.062). Conclusion: Although ODA-1h may decrease lying time, it increases the available space for tethered cows towards that typically found in grazing and free barn feeding systems. This increased available space promotes the expression of normal behaviors such as walking and social behaviors except lying and may also improve the immune function of tethered dry cows, thereby improving their overall welfare.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1995

The soluble acid invertase ($\beta$-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was isolated and characterized from the hypocotyls of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by consecutive step using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose anion exchange, Concanavalin (Con) A affinity and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. The overall purification was about 148-fold with a yield of about 15%. The finally purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of about 139 $\mu$mol of glucose produced mg-1 protein min-1 at pH 5.0 and appeared to be a single protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and nondenaturing PAGE. The enzyme had the native molecular weight of 70 kD and subunit molecular weight of 70 kD as estimated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and SDS-PAGE, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme was composed of a monomeric protein. On the other hand, the enzyme appeared to be a glycoprotein containing N-linked high mannose oligosaccharide chain on the basis of its ability to bind to the immobilized C on A. The enzyme had a Km for sucrose of 1.8 mM at pH 5.0 and maximum activity around pH 5.0. The enzyme showed highest enzyme activity with sucrose as substrate, but the activity was slightly measured with raffinose and cellobise. No activity was measured with maltose and lactose. These results indicate the soluble acid invertase is a $\beta$-fructofuranosidase.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2007

A polymorphic fungus, Candida albicans, causes various forms of infections such as disseminated candidiasis and vaginitis. Recent reports indicate that the fungus is a main etiological agent for the arthritis. In search of new sources for treatment of the fungal arthritis, we examined $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid ($18{\beta}$-GA) against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis. The compound is isolated from Glycyrrhizae Radix that is known to have various immunomodulating activities and is one of the most popular herbal medicines. For induction of animal model of a septic arthritis, mice were given an emulsion form of C. albicans cell wall mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) via footpad-injection. To determine prophylactic and therapeutic effects, the component was given to the animals before or after the induction of the arthritis, respectively. Data showed that intraperitoneal administration of $18{\beta}$-GA resulted in reduction of the inflammation, indicating the component had both prophylactic and therapeutic activities. For investigation of mechanism of the $18{\beta}$-GA, inhibitory effects on NO (nitiric oxide) and on T-lymphocyte proliferation were determined. Results demonstrated that $18{\beta}$-GA suppressed NO production from LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-treated macrophages and also inhibited proliferation of Con A (concanavalin A)activated T-cells. Taken together, $18{\beta}$-GA, a pentacyclic triterpene, has anti-arthritic activity against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis, possibly by blocking NO production and T-cell suppression.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.235-244
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• 1997

The present study was performed to investigate the patterns of appearance of lectin in trachea of fetuses of 60, 90 and 120 days old and neonates of Korean native goat. Carbohydrate markers were used in histochemistry for the determination of the lectin by staining of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex(ABC), and the markers consisted of biotin-labeled concanavalin A(Con A), dolichos biflorus agglutinin(DBA), rincinus communis agglutinin(RCA-I), ulexeuropalus communis agglutinin(UEA) and wheat germ agglutinin(WGA). 1. The Con A-binding reactions appeared moderately on the apical surface of the tracheal epithelia in 60 days old fetuses, and the reactions were similar on the tracheal epithelia and glands in 90 and 120 days old fetuses and neonates. 2. Reaction of the DBA appeared as the strongest meanwhile the DBA-binding reactions were determined strongly on the apical surface of the tracheal epithelia in the 60 days old fetuses. Reaction for the DBA on the tracheal epithelia and glands of 90 and 120 days old fetuses and neonates were in same manner. 3. The RCA-I-binding reactions appeared very strongly on the apical surface of the tracheal epithelia in 60 and 90 days old fetuses. Reaction to the RCA-1 appeared moderately on certain apical surface of tracheal epithelia and glands in 120 days old fetuses and neonates. 4. No reactions provoked for the UEA in trachea of 60 days old fetuses and neonates, but the UEA-binding reactions appeared moderately in the tracheal epithelia of 90 days old fetuses and weakly in 120 days old fetuses. 5. The WGA-binding reactions appeared very strongly on the apical surface of the tracheal epithelia in 60 and 90 days old fetuses, and moreover, the reactions were determined on the luminal surface of the tracheal gland in 90 days old fetuses. On the other hand, goblet cells of the tracheal epithelia and glands in neonates reacted moderately to the WGA.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2010

1. Objectives: Three herbal formulas (Yuldahanso-tang, Chungsimyonja-tang, and Taeeumjowi-tang) for Taeeumin were applied to investigate the immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses in murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. 2. Methods: This study was carried out in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation in mouse splenocytes according to three herbal formulas. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with OVA/aluminium ($100\;{\mu}g/200\;{\mu}g$/mouse) on day 1, 8, and 15. Three herbal formulas were administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. 3. Results: Yuldahanso-tang and Chungsimyonja-tang increased NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Three herbal formulas significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice (p<.001). Three herbal formulas for Taeeumin also significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and total IgM levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. 4. Conclusion: These results suggested that three herbal formulas for Taeeumin could be used as stimulator of immune response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1320-1325
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• 2003

The purpose of present study was to assess the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the immune responses of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty hens at the age of 60 weeks were randomly assigned to ten diets, which contained no oil (CK), 1%, 3%, 5% fish oil (FO); 2%, 4%, 6% linseed oil (LO) and 2%, 4%, 6% corn oil (CO). After 5 weeks of feeding experimental diets, humoral and cellular immune responses were assayed. Laying hens were injected with Sheep Red Blood Cell (SRBC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and antibody titers, which were measured on d6, d10, d14 after primary challenge and on d5, d9, d13 after secondary challenge. Concanavalin (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated proliferation of peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes were assessed by [$^3$H] thymidine incorporation at the week age of 5 and 10, respectively. The results showed that antibody titers in FO-fed and LO-fed laying hens were higher than that in laying hens fed CO. The proliferation response to ConA was lower in laying hens that fed oils rich in n-3 fatty acids than that in laying hens fed CO. Higher level n-3 fatty acids can improve immune functions of laying hens. In conclusion, dietary fat source and level had a significant impact on immune responses of laying hens.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.112-123
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• 2010

Objectives: Three yin-tonifying formulae (Ssanghwa-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang and Jaeumganghwa-tang) were applied to investigate their immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses in the murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Methods: This study was carried out in nitricoxide (NO) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation in mouse splenocytes in association with three herbal formulas. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitoneally with OVA/aluminum ($100\;{\mu}g/200\;{\mu}g$/mouse) on days 1, 8, and 15. Three herbal formulas were administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. Results: All three yin-tonifying formulas significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice (p<0.001). Also, these herbal formulas all significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and total IgM levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. Conclusion: These results suggested that the three yin-tonifying formulae could be used as stimulators of immune response.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1188-1194
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• 2005

Streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발시킨 생쥐에서 fructan(치커리이뉼린과 치커리이뉼린올리고당, 프럭토올리고당)이 혈당, 인슐린과 소장 및 신장의 이당류분해효소 활성 및 면역능에 미 치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 혈당은 당뇨군들이 정상군보다 유의하게 높았으며, 치커리이뉼린군의 혈당이 당뇨대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. Fructan은 혈장 인슐린 농도에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 소장점막의 maltase와 sucrase활성은 당뇨군들이 정상군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으나, 당뇨군 중에서 치커리이뉼린군이 가장 낮은 경향을 보였다. 신장 maltase 활성은 정상군과 당뇨군이 유사한 수준이었으나, 신장 sucrase와 lactase 활성은 정상군에 비하여 당뇨군에서 유의하게 높은 수준을 보였으며, 치커리이뉼린군이 당뇨대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 수준을 보였다. LPS에 의한 비장세포증식에서는 당뇨대조군에 비하여 치커리이뉼린올리고당군이 유의 적으로 증가하여 정상군과 비슷한 수준을 보였다. ConA에의한 비장세포증식은 군간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 LPS에 의한 증식 결과와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 비장세포로부터의 IL-2의 분비는 당뇨군들이 정상군에 비하여 낮았으나, 당뇨군간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 당뇨 생쥐에서 프럭토올리고당, 치커리이뉼린올리고당, 치커리이뉼린을 비교한 결과, 혈당 강하에 미치는 효과가 치커리이뉼린에서 유의하게 나타났으며, 비장세포 증식능은 정상군에 비하여 당뇨군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 치커리이뉼린올리고당 섭취군이 당뇨대조군에 비해 비장세포 증식능이 유의하게 증가하여 면역능이 개선되는 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.267-271
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• 2000

Abstract Two glucans (PONGa and PONGb) differing in their anomeric and glycosidic linkage structures were isolated from the water-insoluble materials (PON) of Pleurotus ostreatus basidiocarps, which activated the complement system and were almost soley composed of D-glucose. The isolatIon was achieved by repeated precipitations with ethanol and adsorption on concanavalin A (Con A) of paN suspension in thymol/NaCL Based on methylation analysis. IR, GLC-MS, $^1H,{\;}and{\;}^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopies, PONGa was found to be a branched a-glucan composed of ${\alpha}-linked$ D-glucopyranose residues and ${\alpha}-linked$ units with 6-branching points, whereas PONGb was a linear ${\beta}-1,3-glucan$ composed mainly of ${\beta}-1,3-linked$ D-glucopyranose residues. The PONGb particles reacted more potently than the PONGa particles as C3 activator in alternative complement hemolysis and crossed-immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3, thereby suggesting that the complement activating components of PON were ${\beta}-(13)-glucans rather$ than ${\alpha}-glucan$ components.onents.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.662-670
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• 2006

It is well documented that an extract of European mistletoe has a variety of biological effects, such as the stimulation of cytokine production from immune cells, and additional immunoadjuvant activities. While the European mistletoe has been studied intensively, we know less about Korean mistletoe as a therapeutic plant, especially as a possible immunomodulating drug. This study will investigated the effects of Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album L. var. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) on murine splenocytes to investigate whether VCA acts as an immunomodulator, which could lead to improved immune responses in these cells. The results showed that VCA inhibited cell proliferation at higher concentrations (at 1-8 ng/ml) and enhanced cell proliferation at lower concentrations (at 4-32 pg/ml). Further studies were carried out to determine if the pro-proliferative or anti-proliferative activity exhibited by VCA was correlated with cytokine secretion. Consequently, interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ secretion was decreased in concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated murine splenocytes by VCA (4-64 ng/ml), but there was no change in IL-4 levels. This suggests that VCA has the ability to modulate murine splenocyte proliferation and can possibly act on the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses.