• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6845-6850
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• 2013

Background: This study was performed to gather data on second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations in a range of public venues following the implementation of partial Smoke-Free Legislation in Malaysia in 2004. Materials and Methods: $PM_{2.5}$ was measured as a marker of SHS levels in a total of 61 restaurants, entertainment centres, internet caf$\acute{e}$s and pubs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results: Under the current smoke-free laws smoking was prohibited in 42 of the 61 premises. Active smoking was observed in nearly one-third (n=12) of these. For premises where smoking was prohibited and no active smoking observed, the mean (standard deviation) indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 33.4 (23.8) ${\mu}g/m^3$ compared to 187.1 (135.1) ${\mu}g/m^3$ in premises where smoking was observed The highest mean $PM_{2.5}$ was observed in pubs [361.5 (199.3) ${\mu}g/m^3$]. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of high levels of SHS across a range of hospitality venues, including about one-third of those where smoking is prohibited, despite 8 years of smoke-free legislation. Compliance with the legislation appeared to be particularly poor in entertainment centres and internet caf$\acute{e}$s. Workers and non-smoking patrons continue to be exposed to high concentrations of SHS within the hospitality industry in Malaysia and there is an urgent need for increased enforcement of existing legislation and consideration of more comprehensive laws to protect health.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2004

The role of the financial institution to promote corporate sustainability may be reviewed in two angles, as a commercial lender and an investor. As a commercial lender, financial institutions should minimize the legal risks and the political risks. Financial institutions began to recognize environmental risks as legal risks that directly affect their lending practices since the legislation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act("Superfund") of the U.S.A. The so-called lender liability rule has a detailed guideline where the financial institutions may be exempted from the Superfund Liability. Similar attempts are noticed in the recent EU White Paper on Environmental Liability. In Korea, comprehensive environmental liability laws are yet to be developed. The Soil Environment Preservation Act now includes a far-reaching environmental liability provisions, where the owners and operators as well as receivers of the facility bear responsibility. However, whether the financial institutions may be captured as a potential responsible party is not very clear. Until the relevant legislation is developed and court decisions accumulate, Korean financial institutions are well advised to raise awareness on this issue, to develop environmental policies and to train personnels.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.26-38
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to perform a comparative analysis on landscape ordinances between Korea and U.S.A to find out some useful implications for remedial devices on Korean landscape ordinances in terms of their legislation, contents, and operating procedure. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Technical issues addressed by the U.S.A landscape ordinances may be divided broadly into five items(landscaping, planting, facilities, land use, preservation and protection) and subdivided diversely by each item. 2) The thirty four landscape ordinances of U.S.A., collected for this study, were made up of the nineteen comprehensive landscape ordinances(56%), the nine tree ordinances(26%) and the six post construction landscape ordinances(18%) s a result classifying into three types(comprehensive, post-construction, and tree ordinances) of landscape ordinances. 3) The differences in the view of the legislation, contents and practical process in the Korea and the U.S.A. landscape ordinances were to be analyzed comparatively. 4) Whether or not of applying the thirty four landscape ordinances of U.S.A. to the domestic ordinances were reviewed, we found that the twenty eight cases are applicable after study(82%), the four cases are applicable(12%) and the two cases are not applicable(6%) to Korean system. The result of this study will be source materials for the application of the correct regulations in the field of domestic landscape ordinances providing the theoretical system for the legislation of the landscape ordinances which are characterized as the harmonization between the development and the conservation breaking from the existing uniform and the developmental landscape ordinances.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 일터 내에서의 자기주도학습을 탐색하고 한국의 노동교육을 고찰하여, 노동조합교육 법제화에 관한 주요한 함의를 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해 첫 번째로 한국의 노동교육과 이와 관련된 법제를 자세히 살펴보았다. 두 번째로, 일터 내에서의 자기주도학습이 면밀하게 분석되었는데 이는 인적자원개발뿐만 아니라 성인교육 및 평생학습의 관점에서도 함께 이루어졌다. 세 번째로 이와 같은 종합적인 고찰의 결과를 바탕으로 일터 내에서의 자기주도학습이 근로자 주도의 노동교육에 가지는 시사점을 한국의 노동조합교육 법제화라는 측면에서 논의하였다. 이러한 국가 차원에서의 법제화가 이루어질 경우 산업민주화를 위한 자기주도학습의 맥락에서 근로자의 노동조합교육 참여를 촉진할 수 있기 때문에, 한국의 노동조합교육은 적절한 법적, 재정적, 행정적 지원을 제공받는 것이 필요할 것이다.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

국내의 IT기업들은 개인정보보호에 관한 국내법의 규제와 집행이 엄격히 적용되는 반면, 해외 기업들에게는 여러 이유로 법의 적용과 집행이 동등하게 이루어지지 못하는 상황이다. 이에 따라 국내기업들은 해외기업에 비해 경쟁력이 약하여 규제의 역차별 상황에 놓여 있다. 이에 본 글에서는 개인정보보호법제상 규제항목을 5가지로 유형화하고 분석하였다. 또한 국내에 서비스를 제공하는 대표적 사이트(네이버(Naver), 다음(Daum), 구글(Google), 페이스북(Facebook))이 제시하는 개인정보처리방침(privacy policy)을 비교분석하고, 위의 규제항목별로 의무사항에 부합하는지 검토한다. 그리고 역차별 해소를 위한 종합적 법제 개선 방안을 3가지 측면으로 제안한다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.693-705
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the importance of the directivity of reflecting on a realistic task when aiming to reorganize a relevant law for dental hygienists through examining dental hygiene students' perceived need for a relevant law on dental hygiene related work. Methods: A survey was conducted targeting dental hygiene students from March 28 to April 30, 2018. The following findings were obtained. The results were summarized as follows. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 21.0 statistical program. Results: With reference to the influence of the need for a work-related legislation on dental hygienists' awareness of their legal rights, findings revealed that the latter was higher when there was higher involvement in precision impression procedures, higher involvement in occlusal adjustment in the middle stage, and higher perceived need for legislation on a comprehensive dental hygiene course (all p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on these findings, it is considered necessary to pursue a national solution for modifying the relevant legal system to provide institutional support for dental hygienists' work. Additionally, the worry in the whole dentistry in order to establish dental hygienists' task.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.4815-4821
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• 2014

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between respiratory health of Malaysian adolescents with secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and smoke-free legislation (SFL) implementation. Materials and Methods: A total of 898 students from 21 schools across comprehensive- and partial-SFL states were recruited. SHS exposures and respiratory symptoms were assessed via questionnaire. Prenatal and postnatal SHS exposure information was obtained from parental-completed questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was: 11.9% ever wheeze, 5.6% current wheeze, 22.3% exercise-induced wheeze, 12.4% nocturnal cough, and 13.1% self-reported asthma. SHS exposure was most frequently reported in restaurants. Hierarchical logistic regression indicates living in a comprehensive-SFL state was not associated with a lower risk of reporting asthma symptoms. SHS exposure in public transport was linked to increased risk for wheeze (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 16.6; 95%confidence interval (CI), 2.69-101.7) and current wheezing (AOR 24.6; 95%CI, 3.53-171.8). Conclusions: Adolescents continue to be exposed to SHS in a range of public venues in both comprehensive- and partial-SFL states. Respiratory symptoms are common among those reporting SHS exposure on public transportation. Non-compliance with SFL appears to be frequent in many venues across Malaysia and enforcement should be given priority in order to reduce exposure.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1991

Interest on ocean environment has increased with the development of industrialized activities. Public marine resorces are defined broadly to include fish stocks, beaches, marine waters, recreational fishing, biota, waterfowls, shorebirds, seabirds and marine mammals But, it is not easy to analyze compensation for injury to publicly owned marine resources because the claimants do not exist clearly and the economic methodology of damage on public goods is not developed fully. This paper introduces basic idea of welfare economic theory and environmental legislation to the research question : How the economics and law can be applied to the case of damage on publicly owned marine resource. The paper discusses the concepts of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). It is accepted generally that WTA is correct concept of welfare change in the case of damaged public goods. Four methods (compensating variation, equivalent variation, compensating surplus, equivalent surplus of measuring welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes caused by environmental damage. Vartia (1983) showed CV could be measured from the ordinary demand function using the differential equations. This paper also provides an overview of the emerging U.S. and Korea legal system for compensation for natural resource damages, with particular emphasis on U.S. legal system under Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). These regulations are to include two different types of standardized procedures for assessing natural resources injury : Type A or simplified assessment techniques for small releases ; and Type B protocols that would include detailed and extensive assessment methodologies for major releases. Type A procedures are specified by Natural Resources Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environment (NRDAM/CME) of the U.S. CERCLA provides a legal 'legitimization for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation in the courts and have introduced appropriate and accurate nonmarket valuation methods based on willingness to-pay for damage assessment. By briefly reviewing economic theory and environmental legislation, we hope to help provide a better understanding of the compensation process and the economics of publicly owned marine resources in the U.S. and to integrate the economics and law of natural resources valuation into a single comprehensive package in Korea.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2019

Korea has the potential to lead the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which succeeded in the information and communication revolution, including the establishment of an e-government. The Go match between humans and computers has led to the realization that humans are starting to live in a new era that they have never experienced before. In 2018, the Federation of Science and Technology Organizations conducted a recognition survey on "what is the most urgent thing?" in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. As a result, it has been shown that the readjustment of the laws of science and technology is most urgent, so it is necessary to analyze the laws of science and technology. According to the research, more than 400 laws are diagnosed, and laws that serve as basic laws cannot lead the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Framework Act on Science and Technology provides an emphasis on the promotion and management of R&D projects. When analyzing the regulations on 'Development of Science and Technology Innovation System', 'Basic Plan of Science and Technology', and 'Comprehensive Plan for Promotion of Local Science and Technology', there is no suggestion of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. After all, a comprehensive analysis of the current Framework Act on Science and Technology indicates that it is in effect the R&D and Management Act. The "Regulations on the Establishment and Operation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee" poses the problem of defining parliamentary legislation as administrative legislation. 'In addition, if we analyze the Smart City Act, the lack of logical links with the Framework Act on Science and Technology and the Regulations on the Establishment and Operation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee is a major problem. In conclusion, in order to platform the Fourth Industrial Revolution, two improvements can be put forward. First, the Framework Act on Science and Technology shall be abolished to enact the National Research and Development Administration Act, and secondly, the Framework Act on the Fourth Industrial Revolution shall be enacted to absorb the contents of the Regulations on the Establishment and Operation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee.

• 농촌계획
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2018

Riverfront plays an important role as accessible and inclusive public space for residents, and a riverfront development and management has become a social and environmental issue. The purpose of this study is to analyze Korean legislation and guidelines applied in a riverfront assessment process to identify any legislative problems. To this end, major laws, regulations, national river management plans, and various guidelines related to river management were reviewed. The followings are the suggestions proposed for future improvement. First, clear and consistent definitions on riverfront areas and its spatial range are required across the laws. Also, recreational activities and facilities in riverfront should be categorized and listed for possible development and maintenance. Second, it is necessary to develop an objective and unified riverfront assessment system. Also, guidelines for surveying and evaluating the conditions and potentials of riverfront should be developed. Third, efforts should be made to revise related laws and guidelines to enable comprehensive and systematic approach in design, planning, implementation, maintenance of riverfront. Improving the related legislations and streamlining an riverfront assessment process can help create environmentally-friendly riverfront spaces and mange them efficiently.