• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed for the changes of low organic compounds during 4 weeks incubation though inoculation of harmful microorganisms on commercial feed. Two percent of overnight cultures of Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were inoculated in feed, respectively. After adjusting moisture level to 50% for the promotion of feed spoilage, pH was decreased to 4.58~5.03 and microorganism was ranged to $6{\sim}10log_{10}CFU/g$. The compounds were compare between aflatoxin G1 producing feeds and aflatoxin G1 non-producing feeds. Aflatoxins G1 were detected by the immunoaffinity column clean-up method with HPLC-FLD, and were confirmed in samples incoulated by Aspergillus flavus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Koiganal II, cyclohexanol and butadien-one were detected from samples (the non-sterilized inoculated feed) by Aspergillus flavus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Respectively as aflatoxin G1 pre-detected substance, Koiganal II, cyclohexanol and butadien-one may be useful substance for the pre-detection of aflatoxin G1.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.171-184
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• 2013

Single-and repeated-dose toxicities of Compound K (CK) were evaluated according to Toxicity Test Guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats. For single-dose toxicity study, CK was dissolved in drinking water, orally administered and examined for 14 days. As results, CK up to a dose of 5,000 mg/kg, the limited dose, neither induced death, clinical signs and necropsy findings, nor affected body weight gain and organ weights, in which 10% lethal dose could not be estimated. Based on the results of single-dose toxicity test, CK was administered at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg for 28 days for the evaluation of repeated-dose toxicity. All doses including the limited dose (2,000 mg/kg) of CK did not cause any abnormalities of rats, including mortality, clinical signs, body weight gain, feed/water consumption, necropsy findings, organ weights, hematology, blood biochemistry. Rather, high doses (1,000 - 2,000 mg/kg) of CK reduced the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and triglycerides, in addition to an increase in glucose, indicative of protective effects on hepatic and muscular injuries. Thus, both maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) were not determined. The results indicate that long-term intake of high-dose CK might not induce general adverse effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different mycotoxin adsorbents including esterified glucomannan (EGM), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and compound mycotoxin adsorbent (CMA) on performance, blood parameters, and liver pathological changes in broilers fed mold-contaminated feed. Two hundred and forty 10-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments including: i) control diet; ii) mold-contaminated diet; iii) moldcontaminated diet+0.05% EGM; iv) mold-contaminated diet+0.2% HSCAS; v) mold-contaminated diet+0.1% CMA. At 35-days-old, blood and liver tissue samples were collected for analysis. 0.1% CMA improved ADG and ADFI during 10-42 d compared to the moldcontaminated group (p<0.05). The mold-contaminated diet increased total white blood cell (WBC) number, haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) level, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, and decreased red blood cell (RBC) number and serum globulin (GLB) and urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (p<0.05). The three mycotoxin adsorbents alleviated the alteration of RBC, WBC, Hgb and AST caused by the mold-contaminated diet. Furthermore, 0.1% CMA increased GLB concentration and decreased Hct level and GGT activity (p<0.05). Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased by the mold-contaminated diet (p<0.05). Both EGM and HSCAS prevented the increase of MPO activity (p<0.05). Liver lesion, including severe vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, was observed in chicks fed the mold-contaminated diet. 0.05% EGM prevented these effects except for biliary hyperplasia and mild vacuolar degeneration. 0.2% HSCAS showed medium vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. Liver of broilers fed 0.1% CMA revealed a mild vacuolar degeneration. These results indicate that a mold-contaminated diet results in adverse effects on blood parameters and liver morphology. 0.05% EGM and 0.2% HSCAS partially alleviated the adverse effects. However, 0.1% CMA almost completely ameliorated the adverse effects.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2014

The effect of the addition of Allium hookeri on the quality of fermented sausage made with meat from sulfur fed pigs was examined, throughout a 60 d ripening period. There were two treatments in animal management: normal feed fed pigs, and sulfur fed pigs given 0.3% sulfur mixed normal feed. Fermented sausage manufactured with meat from normal feed fed pigs, and with meat from sulfur fed pigs, and 1% A. hookeri-containing fermented sausage processed with meat from sulfur fed pigs, were determined at 1 d, 15 d, 30 d, and 60 d. The meat qualities in fermented sausage were measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH), $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity ($ABTS^+$), total phenolic acids, and total flavonoid contents. Fermented sausage made from pigs that had been fed with 0.3% sulfur was protected from oxidation by reduced free radical, as shown by the significant increase in DPPH and $ABTS^+$ values, compared with fermented sausage made from normal feed fed pigs (p<0.05). A. hookeri-added fermented sausage with sulfur fed pork was shown to increase the values in DPPH, $ABTS^+$, total phenolic acid, and total flavonoid contents, by comparison with both the control sausage, and sausage with sulfur fed pork, at 60 d. These results suggest that A. hookeri in meat from sulfur fed pigs could be a source of natural addition, to increase quality in the food industry.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2003

Dietary optimum ratio of frozen raw fish and commercial compound meal (CCM) in moist pellet (MP) were investigated to improve the growth rate, and feed and economical efficiency in the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Experimental fish (average body weight, about 48 g) were divided into 6 groups and each group was fed with raw fish (FRF), and MPs (ratio of raw fish and CCM=9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5) for 10 weeks. The 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5 groups showed no significant difference in weight gain as 203.5~217.3%, while the FRF group showed significantly low growth rate as 183.1%(P<0.05). The feed efficiency gradually increased with the increase in the ratio of CCM and was the highest in the 5:5 group as 89.7%. As a result of analysis of body composition after the experiment, moisture was significantly low in the 7:3 group (P<0.05) and crude protein was significantly low in the 9:1 group (P<0.05). The crude lipid increased as the ratio of raw fish increased, and it was the highest in the raw fish group (8.3%) and the lowest in the 5:5 group (4.6%). There were no significant difference in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor(CF) among the experimental groups. Visceralsomatic index (VSI) increased with the increase in the ratio of raw fish and was significantly high in the raw fish group as 5.49 (P<0.05). For the unit cost of feed, it was found that raw fish was economical when mackerel, a source of raw feed, was 400 won/kg, while the ratio of 5:5 was economical when it was more than 500 won/kg. Results of this study concluded that sole use of raw feed is not desirable in view of growth, environment and economy, and the 5:5 group showed highest effect under the least use of raw feed.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.725-733
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• 2008

In this study the preparation method of the spherical ADU droplets, intermediate compound of a HTGR nuclear fuel, was detailed-reviewed and then, the characteristics on an ageing and a washing steps among the wet process and the thermal treatment process on the died-ADU${\rightarrow}UO_3$ conversion with the high temperature furnaces were studied. The key parameters for spherical droplets forming are a precise control of feed rate and a suitable viscosity value selection of a broth solution. Also, a harmony of vibrating frequency and amplitude of a vibration dropping system are important factor. In our case, an uranium concentration is $0.5{\sim}0.7mol/l$, viscosity is $50{\sim}80$ centi-Poise, vibration frequency is about 100Hz. In thermal treatment for no crack spherical $UO_3$ particle, the heating rate in the calcination must be operated below $2^{\circ}C$/min, in air atmosphere.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2000

Inhaled halogen compound was examined through micronucleus tests and toxicity tests using SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats with repeated dosages for six hours a day, five days a week, during four weeks. In four-week repeated exposure, no specific sign caused by the $CF_3I$ compound was observed on the clinical symptoms, body weight variation, feed consumption, and urinalysis data in the testing groups with reference to the control group. In hematological and biochemical blood tests of the testing groups, the significant, but in their normal ranges, value dependencies of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and etc., on the halogen carbohydride concentration was observed. In histo-pathological tests, no specific lesion or concentration dependent change due to the $CF_3I$ compound dosage was observed in both sexes of the female and male in the tested animals. But, micronucleus tests on marrow cells extracted from the tested animals which were repeatedly exposed in the $CF_3I$ compound during four weeks, the frequencies of micronuclei were significantly increased dose-dependently compared to the control groups.

• Clean Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2001

In this study the trace of chlorinated organic compound in aqueous solution was separated by pervaporation process using crosslinked PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) membrane. The flux of trichloroethylene(TCE) increased linearly with feed composition but the flux of water was slightly increased. The partial flux of TCE was greater than that of tetrachloroethylene(PCE). The partial flux of TCE was not changed with operating temperature, but increased rapidly with feed flow rates. High crosslinking density causes the reduction of solubility and diffusivity for target component. The reduction of flux and selectivity for TCE is due to the chain immobilization and reduction of diffusivity with crosslinking density.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2006

An experimental study on the removal of VOCs gas using a biomembrane reactor were carried out at various inlet gas concentration, specific loading rate, retention time and gas flow rate of volume. The variations of efficiency and various parameters, which are relevant to gas removal, with mixing of soluble gas and without have been discussed. More than 95% of the toluene and methanol present in the feed was successfully removed in each study. The elimination of methanol with mixture of soluble compound of about 300 mg/h corresponds to a portion of 21% if there is a feed stream of 1400 mg/h. On the contrary the maximum efficiency of about 72% of toluene was reached. This is to be rated as a treatment of sorption that the limiting factor of the dismantling speed could be represented by this difficult degradable component. Nevertheless the elimination capacities for this reactor for toluene were on a very high level. For substances which show a very high solubility in silicon rubber an advantage of a bio membrane is clearly shown. Therefore a similarly good result is expected for n-hexane, because of its relatively good permeability which was distinguished during permeation experiments.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

A comparative study on response of a toxic compound thiocyanate ($SCN^-$) was carried out in continuous and fed batch moving bed reactor systems. Both systems had three sequential anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic reactors and operated at same hydraulic retention time. Feed $SCN^-$ was first increased from 600 mg/L to 1,000 mg/L for 3 days (shock 1) and then from 600 to 1,200 mg/L for 3 days (shock 2). In anaerobic continuous reactor, increase of effluent COD (chemical oxygen demand) due to shock load was only 2%, whereas in fed batch reactor it was 14%. In anoxic fed batch reactor recovery was partial in terms of $SCN^-$, phenol, COD and $NO{_3}{^-}$-N and $NO{_2}{^-}$-N removals and in continuous reactor complete recovery was possible. In both systems, inhibition was more significant on aerobic reactors than anaerobic and anoxic reactors. In aerobic reactors ammonia removal efficiency deteriorated and damage was irreversible. Present study showed that fed batch reactors showed higher substrate removal efficiency than continuous reactors during regular operation, but are more susceptible to toxic feed shock load and in nitrifying reactor damage was irreversible.