• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.279-294
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• 2020

Foundation of a building is damaged under service loads during construction. First visit shows that the foundation has been punched at the 6 column's foot region led to building rotation. Foundation shear punching occurring has made some stresses and deflections in construction. In this study, progressing of damage caused by foundation shear punching and inverse loading in order to resolve the building rotation has been evaluated in the foundation and frame of building by finite element modeling in ABAQUS software. The stress values of bars in punched regions of foundation has been deeply exceeded from steel yielding strength and experienced large displacement based on software's results. On the other hand, the values of created stresses in the frame are not too big to make serious damage. In the beams and columns of ground floor, some partial cracks has been occurred and in other floors, the values of stresses are in the elastic zone of materials. Finally, by inverse loading to the frame, the horizontal displacement of floors has been resolved and the values of stresses in frame has been significantly reduced.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.605-621
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• 2013

CFRP strips are widely used nowadays for repair/strengthening or capacity increase purposes. Sharp bending at the ends of the CFRP strips is frequently encountered at these applications. In this study, Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam specimens that were produced with 10 MPa compression strength concrete were strengthened by using bonded CFRP strips with end anchorages to tension region. The parameters that were investigated in this study are the width of the strip, the number of applied fan anchorages and whether additional layer of CFRP patch is used or not at the strip ends. Specimens were strengthened with 100 mm wide CFRP strips with one or two anchorages at the ends. In addition CFRP patch with two and three anchorages at the ends were tested for investigating the effect of the patches. Specimens that were strengthened with three anchorages at the ends with patches were repeated with 60 and 80 mm wide CFRP strips. The most successful result was obtained from the specimen that was strengthened with 80 mm wide CFRP strips with 3 end anchorages and patches among the others at the experimental program. The numbers of anchorages that were applied to ends of CFRP strips were more effective than the width of the CFRP strips onto strength and stiffness of the specimens. Due to limited space at the ends of the strips at most three anchorages could be applied.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.367-383
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• 2023

A coupled wall consists of two or more reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls (SWs) connected by RC coupling beams (CBs) or steel CBs (hybrid-coupled walls). To fill the gap in the literature on the plastic hinge length of coupled walls, including coupled and hybrid-coupled shear walls, a parametric study using experimentally validated numerical models was conducted considering the axial stress ratio (ASR) and coupling ratio (CR) as the study variables. A total of sixty numerical models, including both coupled and hybrid-coupled SWs, have been developed by varying the ASR and CR within the ranges of 0.027-0.25 and 0.2-0.5, respectively. A detailed analysis was conducted in order to estimate the ultimate drift, ultimate capacity, curvature profile, yielding height, and plastic hinge length of the models. Compared to hybrid-coupled SWs, coupled SWs possess a relatively higher capacity and curvature. Moreover, increasing the ASR changes the walls' behavior to a column-like member which decreases the walls' ultimate drift, ductility, curvature, and plastic hinge length. Increasing the CR of the coupled SWs increases the walls' capacity and the risk of abrupt shear failure but decreases the walls' ductility, ultimate drift and plastic hinge length. However, CR has a negligible effect on hybrid-coupled walls' ultimate drift and moment, curvature profile, yielding height and plastic hinge length. Lastly, using the obtained results two equations were derived as a function of CR and ASR for calculating the plastic hinge length of coupled and hybrid-coupled SWs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.343-356
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• 2016

As the common cast-in-place construction works fails to meet the enormous construction demand under rapid economic growth, the development of prefabricated structure instead becomes increasingly promising in China. For the prefabricated structure, its load carrying connection joint play a key role in maintaining the structural integrity. Therefore, a novel end plate bolt connecting joint between fully prefabricated pre-stressed concrete beam and high-strength reinforcement-confined concrete column was proposed. Under action of low cycle repeated horizontal loadings, comparative tests are conducted on 6 prefabricated pre-stressed intermediate joint specimens and 1 cast-in-place joint specimen to obtain the specimen failure modes, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility factor, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacity and other seismic indicators, and the seismic characteristics of the new-type prefabricated beam-column connecting joint are determined. The test results show that all the specimens for end plate bolt connecting joint between fully prefabricated pre-stressed concrete beam and high-strength reinforcement-confined concrete column have realized the design objectives of strong column weak beam. The hysteretic curves for specimens are good, indicating desirable ductility and energy dissipation capacity and seismic performances, and the research results provide theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion and application of prefabricated assembly frames in the earthquake zone.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2017

The effects of plaster on the behavior of single-story single-bay masonry-infilled steel frames under in-plane base accelerations have been experimentally investigated by a shake-table. Tested structures were made in a 1/3 scale, with realistic material properties and construction methods. Steel frames with high and low flexural rigidity of beams and columns were considered. Each type of frame was tested with three variants of masonry: (i) non-plastered masonry; (ii) masonry infill with conventional plaster on both sides; and (iii) masonry infill with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) net reinforced plaster on both sides. Masonry bricks were made of lightweight cellular concrete. Each frame was firstly successively exposed to horizontal base accelerations of an artificial accelerogram, and afterwards, to horizontal base accelerations of a real earthquake. Characteristic displacements, strains and cracks in the masonry were established for each applied excitation. It has been concluded that plaster strengthens the infill and prevents damages in it, which results in more favorable behavior and increased bearing capacity of plastered masonry-infilled frames compared to non-plastered masonry-infilled frames. The load-bearing contribution of the adopted PVC net in the plaster was not noticeable for the tested specimens, probably due to relative small cross section area of fibers in the net. Behavior of masonry-infilled steel frames significantly depends on frame stiffness. Strong frames have smaller displacements than weak frames, which reduces deformations and damages of an infill.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.509-520
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• 2021

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite material where small fibers made from steel or polypropylene or similar material are embedded into concrete matrix. In a material model each constituent should be adequately described, especially the interface between the matrix and fibers that is determined with the 'bond-slip' law. 'Bond-slip' law describes relation between the force in a fiber and its displacement. Bond-slip relation is usually obtained from tension laboratory experiments where a fiber is pulled out from a matrix (concrete) block. However, theoretically bond-slip relation could be determined from bending experiments since in bending the fibers in FRC get pulled-out from the concrete matrix. We have performed specially designed laboratory experiments of three-point beam bending with an intention of using experimental data for determination of material parameters. In addition, we have formulated simple layered model for description of the behavior of beams in the three-point bending test. It is not possible to use this 'forward' beam model for extraction of material parameters so an inverse model has been devised. This model is a basis for formulation of an inverse model that could be used for parameter extraction from laboratory tests. The key assumption in the developed inverse solution procedure is that some values in the formulation are known and comprised in the experimental data. The procedure includes measured data and its derivative, the formulation is nonlinear and solution is obtained from an iterative procedure. The proposed method is numerically validated in the example at the end of the paper and it is demonstrated that material parameters could be successfully recovered from measured data.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.437-450
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• 2022

When the vertical load-bearing members in high-rise structures fail locally, the beam-column joints play an important role in the redistribution of the internal forces. In this paper, a static laboratory test of three full-scale flush flange beam-reinforced connections with side and cover plates (CP-FBSP connection) with double half-span steel beams and single L-shaped columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (L-CFST columns) was conducted. The influence of the side plate width and cover plate thickness on the progressive collapse resistance of the substructure was thoroughly analyzed. The failure mode, vertical force-displacement curves, strain variation, reaction force of the pin support and development of internal force in the section with the assumed plastic hinge were discussed. Then, through the verified finite element model, the corresponding analyses of the thickness and length of the side plates, the connecting length between the steel beam flange and cover plate, and the vertical-force eccentricity were carried out. The results show that the failure of all the specimens occurred through the cracking of the beam flange or the cover plate, and the beam chord rotations measured by the test were all greater than 0.085 rad. Increasing the length, thickness and width of the side plates slightly reduced the progressive collapse resistance of the substructures. The vertical-force eccentricity along the beam length reduced the progressive collapse resistance of the substructure. An increase in the connecting length between the beam flange and cover plate can significantly improve the progressive collapse resistance of substructures.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2009

합성트러스는 북미에서 고층건물 및 장지간 건축 구조물에 널리 사용되어지고 있는 구조물의 형태로 비슷한 다른 건축 구조에 비하여 빠른 시공 속도와 낮은 경간비와 자중비의 장점이 있다. 12~18m 경간 범위에서는 가장 경쟁력이 있는 구조물의 형태로 알려져 있다. WTC 붕괴 사고 이후, 화재 시 구조물의 내화거동에 관한 연구의 필요성이 부각됨에 따라 화재와 관계된 여러 분야에서의 연구가 세계적으로 활발하게 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구에서 수행된 실험에서 화염에 직접 노출된 트러스 강재 부재의 경우 짧은 가열시간에도 불구하고, $700^{\circ}C$ 이내의 온도 분포를 보이며 콘크리트 내부에 위치한 센서의 경우는 $200^{\circ}C$ 이내의 온도 분포를 보였다. 20mm 사재의 경우, 구조물의 처짐은 3분을 전후하여 빠른 처짐 분포를 보이며 파괴되었으나, 25mm, 35mm, 45mm 사재의 경우, 구조물은 파괴되지 않았으나 모두 15분 이내에 L/20의 처짐 기준에 도달하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2008

최근 들어 고속도로를 중심으로 하여 교량상판 보수재료로 초속경 라텍스개질콘크리트 (Very-Early Strength Latex-Modified Concrete : 이하 VES-LMC)가 개발되어 이용되고 있고, 그 활용 빈도가 커지고 있다. 이는 VES-LMC의 특징상 보수 후 3시간 만에 교통개방이 가능하며, 라텍스 첨가로 기존의 보수재료가 갖는 장기 내구성의 문제를 해결하였기 때문이다. 그러나 위와 같은 장점으로 보수 보강 재료로 사용되고 있는 VES-LMC에 대한 구조적인 연구에 대해서는 미비한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 VES-LMC를 기존보의 덧씌우기 형태와 열화된 콘크리트의 보수 형태로 나누어 시험체를 제작하고, 4점 휨 실험을 수행하여 휨 거동 및 신 구 콘크리트의 부착 특성과 균열 진전 양상, 보수 보강효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과 보수 보강두께가 증가함에 따라 보수 보강효과가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 이는 강성이 증가하여 휨에 대한 저항 능력이 증대되는 것을 확인하였다. 보수 시험체의 경우 철근의 피복두께 이상으로 보수 되었을 경우 강성이 최대 40% 이상 증가 되는 결과는 얻을 수 있었으나 80 mm와 120 mm의 경우 그 값이 비슷한 양상을 보여 보강 두께 선정 시 고려되어야 할 요소라 판단된다. 계면거동을 확인한 결과 보수 및 보강 시험체 모두 계면에서의 상대 변위량이 감소되는 것을 확인하였으며, 두 재료가 비교적 일체로 거동하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 1900mm급의 춤이 깊은 콘크리트 채움 U형 메가 합성보의 합성보통모멘트골조에 대한 적용성을 검토하였다. 대형 합성보의 실물대 내진성능실험에 대한 현실적 제약으로 인하여 작은 규모의 실험체에 대해 수행된 기존 실험결과의 분석과 수치해석연구의 보완을 통해 연구를 수행하였다. 이러한 형태의 합성보는 부모멘트 작용시의 웨브국부좌굴이 가장 중요하므로 선행 실물대 실험결과로부터 웨브의 판폭두께비와 층간변형능력 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 25mm 두께의 U형 강재단면을 지닌 1900mm급의 대형 합성보라 하더라도 층간변위각 2% 이후 웨브국부좌굴을 경험하고 3% 이후 최대변형에 도달하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 합성보통모멘트골조의 요구조건을 상회하는 것으로 AISC 기준에 따른 웨브 판폭두께비 제한이 본 연구의 U형 단면에는 보수적임을 시사하기도 한다. 유한요소해석을 통해서는 합성보의 휨성능 및 웨브국부좌굴에 대한 수평스티프너의 영향을 분석하였다. 대형 합성보는 스티프너 보강과 관련없이 부모멘트 방향으로 공칭소성모멘트 이상의 휨성능을 발휘하였으며, 스티프너를 보강할 경우에는 웨브국부좌굴이 상당히 지연되는 긍정적인 효과가 있었다. 이상의 실험결과 분석 및 해석연구에 의하면 1900mm급의 춤이 깊은 콘크리트 채움 U형 메가 합성보는 합성보통모멘트골조에 보수적으로 적용가능한 것으로 판단된다.