• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

Background : Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in a chronic pain and severe functional deficits. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (G. M. Radix) on the pain control and the recovery of the locomotor function that results from the sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method : Using rats, we crushed their sciatic nerve, and then orally administered the aqueous extract of G. M. Radix. The effects of G. M. Radix on the recovery locomotor function were investigated by walking track analysis. The effects of G. M. Radix on pain control were investigated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the sciatic nerve, and c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Result : G. M. RADIX facilitates motor function from the locomotor deficit, and thereby increased BDNF expression and suppressed painful stimuli in the PVN and vlPAG after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Conclusion : It is suggested that G. M. Radix might aid recovery locomotor function and control pain after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Further studies on identifying specific the component in G.M. Radix associated with enhanced neural activity in the peripheral nerve injury may be helpful to develop therapeutic strategies for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2004

The effects of guide vanes and tip clearances on the characteristics nf axial flow fans are investigated both computationally and experimentally. Performance test of fans carried out in full scale shows considerable effects of tip clearance between rotor tip and duct on the characteristics of fans. The tested results are compared with the computation based on the finite volume method to solve the Navier-Stoke equations with $textsc{k}$-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model. The comparison shows good agreements between experimental and computational results. In addition, the effects of shape of guide vanes are numerically studied. The results show that increased volume of separated region around the guide vane reduces the recovery of tangential component of kinetic energy in the wake, resulting in loss of efficiency

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1171-1180
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• 2013

Recent climate change has led to fluctuations in agricultural production, and as a result national food supply has become an important strategic factor in economic policy. As such, in this study, panel data was collected to analyze the effects of seven meteorological elements and using the Lagrange multipliers method, the fixed-effects model for the production of five types of food crop and the seven meteorological elements were analyzed. Results showed that the key factors effecting increases in production of rice grains were average temperature, average relative humidity and average ground surface temperature, while wheat and barley were found to have positive correlations with average temperature and average humidity. The implications of this study are as follow. First, it was confirmed that the meteorological elements have profound effects on the production of food crops. Second, when compared to existing studies, the study was not limited to one food crop but encompassed all five types, and went beyond other studies that were limited to temperature and rainfall to include various meterological elements.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.265-278
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• 2014

Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses are ubiquitous and people are exposed to them continuously. Endotoxin is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and a potent proinflammaotry substance. When a person is exposed to environmental endotoxin, an innate immune response is initiated upon the initial recognition and this response produces various inflammatory mediators and recruits inflammatory cells to the exposed tissues. A purified chemical form of endotoxin is called lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the lipid A portion of the molecule is a biologically active moiety. Exposure to endotoxin may result in various complex health effects depending on time, route, and dose of exposure, as well as host susceptibility. Gene-environment interactions play important roles in health effects of endotoxin exposure, e.g. development or aggravation of asthma. To accurately assess exposure to endotoxin in environmental or epidemiologic studies, methods of sampling, extraction, and analysis must be carefully selected since the selected methods may substantially affect analytical results and there is no internationally-agreed standard method to date. The lack of a standardized method hampers the establishment of exposure-response relationships. While an internationally-agreed health-based exposure limit does not exist, the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety recently recommended $90EU/m^3$ as a health-based occupational exposure limit. The current article reviews various scientific issues on how we measure environmental endotoxin and the health effects of endotoxin exposure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.787-813
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• 2014

Starting with Hamilton's variational principle, the governing field equations for the steady state response of thin-walled beams under harmonic forces are derived. The formulation captures shear deformation effects due to bending and warping, translational and rotary inertia effects and as well as torsional flexural coupling effects due to the cross section mono-symmetry. The equations of motion consist of four coupled differential equations in the unknown displacement field variables. A general closed form solution is then developed for the coupled system of equations. The solution is subsequently used to develop a family of shape functions which exactly satisfy the homogeneous form of the governing field equations. A super-convergent finite element is then formulated based on the exact shape functions. Key features of the element developed include its ability to (a) isolate the steady state response component of the response to make the solution amenable to fatigue design, (b) capture coupling effects arising as a result of section mono-symmetry, (c) eliminate spatial discretization arising in commonly used finite elements, (d) avoiding shear locking phenomena, and (e) eliminate the need for time discretization. The results based on the present solution are found to be in excellent agreement with those based on finite element solutions at a small fraction of the computational and modelling cost involved.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2003

This study was designed to elucidate the analgesic effects of Jakyakgamchotang and Radix paeinia, Radix Glycyrrhiziae which are the component of Jakyakgamchotang in mice. The analgesic effects were measured by the Whittle's method and hot plate method. The results were as follows ; After the administration of Jakyakgamchotang extrace, the frequency of writhing syndrome was significantly inhibited. After the administration of Radix paeinia extract, the frequency of writhing syndrome was significantly inhibited. After the administration of Radix Glycyrrhiziae extract, the frequency of writhing syndrome was significantly inhibited. After the administration of Jakyakgamchotang extrace, paw licking time and escape time were significantly prolonged. After the administration of Radix paeinia extract, paw licking time was significantly prolonged. After the administration of Radix Glycyrrhiziae extract, paw licking time was significantly prolonged. It is concluded that the analgesic effects of Jakyakgamchotang were found to be more effective than Radix paeinia and Radix Glycyrrhiziae.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.787-793
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of kochujang and red pepper on energy intake, body fat content and energy expenditure in rats fed on high-fat(30%) diet. Kochujang and red pepper power were added in the high-fat diet, adjusting the level to 95 and 22g/kg diet, respectively, The level of red pepper addition was corresponding was corresponding to the level of the content of red pepper powder in the kichujang-added diet. Kochujang induced a 30% reduction in body fat gain which was associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure. However, red pepper reduced body fat gain by only 15%. Furthermore, energy expenditure was not affected by red pepper. Metabolizable energy intake, apparent digestibility and body protein gain were not affected by either kochujang or red pepper. It has been known that capsaicin, a pungent component of red pepper, enhances activity of brown adipose tissue through increasing protein content. In the present study, in addition of protein content, DNA content of interscapular brown adipose tissue was also increased by kochujang. Therefore, it appeared that the anti-obesity effects of kochujang was greater than those of red pepper, indicating more than red pepper was involved in the expression of the anti-obesity effects of kochujang(Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 787-793, 2000)

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.407-428
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• 2009

The effects of the uniform and spatially varying ground motions on the stochastic response of fluid-structure interaction system during an earthquake are investigated by using the displacement based fluid finite elements in this paper. For this purpose, variable-number-nodes two-dimensional fluid finite elements based on the Lagrangian approach is programmed in FORTRAN language and incorporated into a general-purpose computer program SVEM, which is used for stochastic dynamic analysis of solid systems under spatially varying earthquake ground motion. The spatially varying earthquake ground motion model includes wave-passage, incoherence and site-response effects. The effect of the wave-passage is considered by using various wave velocities. The incoherence effect is examined by considering the Harichandran-Vanmarcke and Luco-Wong coherency models. Homogeneous medium and firm soil types are selected for considering the site-response effect where the foundation supports are constructed. A concrete gravity dam is selected for numerical example. The S16E component recorded at Pacoima dam during the San Fernando Earthquake in 1971 is used as a ground motion. Three different analysis cases are considered for spatially varying ground motion. Displacements, stresses and hydrodynamic pressures occurring on the upstream face of the dam are calculated for each case and compare with those of uniform ground motion. It is concluded that spatially varying earthquake ground motions have important effects on the stochastic response of fluid-structure interaction systems.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2007

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Pelargonium graveolens and its effects when it was combined with current antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oil fraction and the main components of this plant were determined for two antibiotic-susceptible and two antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae using broth microdilution tests. The combined effects of the oil with erythromycin, norfloxacin, or oxacillin were evaluated using a checkerboard microtitre assay. The combination of the oil fraction of P. graveolens, or its main component, together with the antibiotics tested significantly lowered the MICs of the antibiotics against all of the tested strains with fraction inhibiting concentration indices (FICs) ranging from 0.16 to 1.50. In particular, the activity of norfloxacin against all of the tested strains of S. pneumoniae was enhanced significantly by combination with citronellol. In conclusion, the combination of P. graveolens oil with antibiotics could be used to reduce the effective dose of antibiotic and to modulate the resistance of S. pneumoniae strains.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2000

WooHwangChungSimWon is a traditional prescription for treating with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, coma, and stroke in China, Korea, and Japan. In the new presciption of WooHwangChungSimWon, the covet is substituted for the musk, the major component of WooHwangChungSimwon, because of the prohibition law about the musk. We have made a comparative study of the effects on the ischemic damage between the musk containing and civet containing WooHwangChungSimWon. In order to investigate the effects of WooHwangChungSimWon on the ischemic damage, each samples were administrated for 12 days, ischemia was induced for 10 minutes at 7th day, and immunohistochemistry was performed in the region of hippocampus of mongolian gerbils. According to the result of immunohistochemistry, the survival rates of neuroal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region are 37.8% in the high dose of musk containing WooHwangChungSimWon (HM-WHCSW) administrated group, 27.8% in low dose of civet containing WooHwangChungSimWon (LC-WHCSW), and 35.5% in high dose of civet containing WooHwangChungSimWon (HC-WHCSW) administrated group. These survial rates were significantly different from the survival rate of sham control group (14.4%). The results suggest that all the samples except the low dose of musk containing WooHwangChungSimWon (LM-WHCSW) have protective or preventive effects on cerebral ischemia.