• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

The goal of oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is to maintain INR values within the therapeutic range in order to prevent complications such as bleeding and thrombosis. The purposes of this study were to investigate the current level of anticoagulation control using INR values, to investigate the incidences of thromboembolism and bleeding complications, and to compare the effect of low intensity INR regimen with therapeutic range recommended by ACCP (American College of Chest Physician). Two hundred three patients with mechanical heart valve replacement done at Yonsei University Cardiovascular Center between January 1994 and December 1996 were selected and reviewed retrospectively. The target INR ranges of $2.5\sim3.5$ (ACCP standard) and low intensity INR of $2.0\sim3.5$ were used for evaluation. According to ACCP standard, $51.2\%$ of patients and $31.1\%$ of INR values were within the therapeutic range when average INR and cumulative INR were used, respectively. Applying low intensity INR values of $2.0\sim3.5$, the therapeutic control was achieved in $57.4\%\;and\;90.1\%$, using average INR and total INR, respectively. The incidences of major and minor bleedings were $0.5\%\;and\;26.6\%$, respectively. The incidence of thromboembolism was $0.5\%$. There was no significant difference in terms of complication incidences between INR $2.0\sim2.5\;and\;INR\;2.5\sim3.5$ groups. However, INR values at the time of bleeding were generally high. In conclusion, the evaluation of patients with mechanical heart valve replacement showed low level of therapeutic control with warfarin therapy. This is partially explained by the fact that the physicians at Yonsei University Cardiovascular Center were using lower intensity INR values as a goal than recommended INR. Also, in the near future, systematic anticoagulation service should be implemented at various hospitals in Korea so that patients on anticoagulant therapy can be more closely monitored to be within the recommended INR by ACCP.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.137-145
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• 1997

1983련 7월부터 1993년 12월까지 승모판막 질환을 가진 107명의 환자에게 112예의 승모판막 치환술을 시행하였다. 승모판막 치환술과 관련된 수술 위험 인자를 평가하기 위하여 환자의 수술 전후 기록들 을 분석하였다. 107명의 환자들 중 대동맥판을 함께 치환한 20명과수술 전후의 기록이 불완전한 2명을 제외한 환자 85명을 대상으로 하였다. 나이는 평균 $37.3\pm$ 13.1세로 13세에서 72세까지의 분포를 보였으며 성 별 분포는 남자가 37예, 여자 48예였다. 평균 추적관찰기간은 51.1 $\pm33.8$ 개월로 6개월에서 11년까지 였다. 수술후 6개월에 환자들은 NYHA 기능분류가 술전 평균 $3.02\pm0.73에서$ 1.78 $\pm0.55로,$ 심흉곽비 또한 술전 평균 0.61 $\pm0.09에서$ $0.58\pm0.08로$ 개선되었다. 수술후 합병증은 23예(27.1%)에서 발생하였고 부정 맥 7예,호흡기 합병증 6예와 저심박출증 6예 등이 있었다. 수술사망은 9예(10.6%)에서 발생하였는데 가장 흔한 사망의 원인은 저심박출증으로 인한 울혈성 심부전이었다. 본 연구의 수술사망이 비교적 높았던 주된 요인으로는 초기 수술에서의 수술사망이 많았던 점을 지적할 수 있다( 1983년 7월부터 1985년 12월까지의 수술 19\ulcorner 중 5예의 수술사망이 있었다 ). 수술사망을 포함한 생존을(Actuarial survival)은 5년에 80.8%, 11년에 71.8%였고 항응고제와 관계된 출혈 자유율은 5년에 85.3% 11년에 78.3%였으며 혈전색전증의 자유율은 5년에 95.1% 11년에 88.8%, 재수술로부터의 5년과 11년 자유율도 각각 97.5%와 75.1%였다. 술전심흉곽비와 수술 당시의 환자의 연령이 통계적으로 의의 있는 수술 위험 인자로 분석되 었다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2000

저자들은 후향적 연구로 1995년 1월부터 1999년 3월까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원에 내원하여 경흉부 및 경식도 심초음파를 시행한 승모판 협착증 환자 중 1년 이상 경과 관찰된 127명의 환자를 대상으로 뇌경색의 예측인자를 알아봄으로써 향후 예방 및 치료에 도움을 주고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 전체 127명의 대상군은 뇌경색이 발생한 군(Group I; n=26, 나이: $55.0{\pm}13$세)과 뇌경색이 발생하지 않은 군(Group II: n=101, 나이: $48.5{\pm}13$)으로 나누었으며, 두구간에 성별이나 심부전의 정도(NYHA functional class)에는 의미있는 차이가 없었다. 뇌경색군(Goup I)에서 나이가 많았으며($55.0{\pm}13$ vs $48.5{\pm}13$;p<0.05) 좌심방 크기가 보다 컸으며($5.10{\pm}0.48$ vs $4.81{\pm}0.70$;p<0.05), 승모판구 면적이 보다 작았고($1.01{\pm}0.39$ vs $1.21{\pm}0.45$:p<0.05), 심방세동의 유병률이 보다 높았다(22명/26명 vs 57명/101명;p<0.05). 좌심방의 자발에코 영상은 뇌경색군(22명/26명)에서 비뇌경색군(44명/101명)보다 더 많이 관찰되었다(p<0.001). 상기 의미있는 변수들을 Multivariate logistic regression 분석결과 통계학적으로 유의한 예측인자는 심방세동(R.R=7.69)과 항응고제 치료(R.R=0.23)이었다. 결론적으로, 승모판 협착증 환자에서 뇌경색 발생과 연관된 유의한 예측인자는 심방세동과 항응고제 치료였으며, 나이와 좌심방 크기, 승모판구 면적, 좌심방의 자발에코영상도 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 따라서 심방세동을 동반한 고연령의 중증 승모판 협착증 환자에서는 조기 항응고제 투여가 전신색전증 예방에 주요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1986

Prevention of thrombombolism after rosthetic cardiac valve replacement is essential for the patients. About 90% of patients are free of major and minor thromboembolic complications 5 year after replacement of cardiac valves with prosthetic devices when they are under control of anticoagulant therapy. Ticlopidine is a drug that alter platelet function to have an antithrombotic effect. It is an antiaggregating agent which inhibits primary platelet function to have an antithrombotic effect. It is an antiaggregating agent which inhibits primary platelet aggregation induced by ADP and increases the production of prostaglandin $D_{2}$. Aspirin in small doses inhibits platelet synthesis of prostaglandins by irreversibly blocking the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. Platelet secretion and aggregation are impaired with Ticlopidine and Aspirin. the thromboembolic event sof 54 patient s who were treated with Ticlopidine and Aspirin after cardiac valve replacement were evaluated and compared with that of 79 patients who were treated with Wafarin and Aspirin after the same type of operation. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 110 months (mean of 48 months). there were 11 major thromboembolic episodes including three deaths in the warfarin goup during mean follow-up period of 56 months. two cases of CVA and one hemoarthrosis were noted due to overdose of Warfarin. Inticlopidine group, there was only one fatal thromboembolic epdisode three month after mitral valve replacement during mean follow-up period of 18 months. Two episodes of hypermenorrhea resulting anemia ere noted in the ticlopidine group. We measured the parameters of platelet function in aggreagation curve of platelet with platelet aggregometer (chrono-log Aggregometer, Model No. 430) Aggregation test was performed with three final concentrations of epinephrine in 10 uM/L, ADP in 5uM/L. 28 patients with prosthetic cardiac valves and 35 healthy volunteers were subgrouped as follows to analyze the effect of antithrombotic drugs used. Group I ; 11 patients treated with 250-500 mg of ticlopidine and 0.5gm of Aspirin as a daily single dose after cardiac valve replacement (14 St. Jude Medical and 1 Carpentier-Edwards, 9 patients with atrial fibrillation among them) Group II ; 10 patients treated with 3-5 mg of Warfarin and 0.75 gm of Aspirin daily to prolong prothrombin time around 20 seconds for more than 6 months and single Aspirin dose was maintained afterward as a life-long regimes(3 St. Jude Medical, 1 Hall-Kaster and 7 Carpentier-Edwards valve, 9 patients in atrial fibrilation). Group III ; 7 patients who quit anticoagulant treatment (Warfarin + Aspirin) 6-12 months after the regime as group II (3 St. Jude Medical. 1 bjork-Shiley, 1 Hall-Kaster, 3 Carpentier-Edwards valve, 2 of them are with atrial fibrillation). Group IV ; 35 healthy vounteers (28 males and 7 females). The following results were obtained. 1. The mean maximal platelet aggregability in Group I induced by 10uM/L epinephrine was 15.6%, and 17.5 and 18.7% in BM in proportion to the induction by 5 and 10 uM/L ADP. 2. The mean maximal platelet aggregability in Group II induced by 10uM/L epinephrine was 16.5%, and 27.4 and 44.7% in BM in proportion to the induction by 5 and 10uM/L ADP. 3. The mean maximal platelet aggregability in group III induced by 10uM/L epinephrine was 65%, and 56.5 and 51.8% in BM in proportion to the induction by 5 and 10 uM/L ADP. 4. The mean maximal platelet aggregability in the normal subjects induced by 10 uM/L epinephrine was 64%, and 65 and 69% in Bm inproportion to the induction by 5 and 10 uM/L ADP. 5. Reversible change of platelet aggregation curve induced by 5 and 10uM/L was noted all of the patients in Group I. conclusion : Ticlopidine is an antiaggregating agent which inhibits primary platelet aggregation induced by ADP, and increases the production of prostaglandin $D_{2}$. Ticlopidine and Aspirin produced a significant inhibition of platelet in the presence of ADP and epinephrine in our study. Acccording to our brief experience, 250 mg of ticlopidine and low dose of Aspirin resulted synergistic superior effect to each drug alone in prevention of thromboembolism after prosthetic cardiac valve replacement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1020-1029
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• 1988

The authors evaluated 153 patients who had undergone cardiac valve replacement between October 1979 and July 1988. The results are as follows: l. Out of 153 patients, there were 56 males and 97 females ranging from 15 to 62 years of age with a mean of 37 years. 2. Isolated mitral valve replacement took place in 82 patients, aortic valve replacement[AVR] in 16, double valve replacement[DVR] in 34, AVR combined with open mitral commissurotomy in 19, and tricuspid valve replacement[TVR] was done in 2 patients. 3. 153 patients had 187 prosthetic valves replaced with Ionescu-Shiley valves[16], Carpentier-Edwards[36], Bjork-Shiley[19], St. Jude Medical[108], and Duromedics[8]. 4. Our of 98 patients with atrial fibrillation[ 64% of a total 153 patients ] during the preoperative period, 22 patients recovered NSR[ 22/98, NSR recovery rate 22.4%] after valvular surgery and remaining 76 patients revealed persisting atrial fibrillation[76/153, 49.7% ]. 5. Preoperative episodes of systemic arterial embolization were attained in 9 patients[9/153, 6% ], and left atrial thrombi were confirmed in 22 patients intraoperatively[ 22/153, 14% ]. Of these, only one patient, however, demonstrated the correspondence of preoperative embolization and intraoperative existence of LA thrombi. 6. With mechanical prostheses, anticoagulant therapy was begun 48 hours after operation with sodium warfarin[2.5-5.0mg/day], maintaining the prothrombin time between 16 and 18 seconds or 30 to 50% of control values and continued for life. With tissue prostheses, sodium warfarin was continued for 3 to 6 months and converted into buffered ASA[ 325 mg/day ] for one year. 7. The mean follow-up for the survivors was 30.1 months, with a range from 3 months to 9 years. All suspected or confirmed thromboembolic episodes counted as events and occurred in 4 patients[ 1.04%/patient-year] with mechanical valve replacement. No persistent paralysis or death was noted. Late complications have not yet occurred in the patients with isolated MVR and AVR. 8. There were remarkable structural failures of tissue valves in 3 patients[ 1.9%/patient-year ], while no instance of failure of a mechanical valve. 9. There were 10 operative early deaths[10/153, 6.5%] and 5 late deaths[5/153, 3.3%]. Consequently, overall mortality was 9.8%[ 15/153] during follow-up period. 10. We currently favor using the St. Jude Medical valve in all patients requiring valve replacement except in those who can not take warfarin anticoagulation.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2012

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of extensive diseases related to various symptoms; inflammation, pain and fever. NSAIDs work by blocking prostaglandin synthesis, but adverse drug events (ADEs) have been increasing dramatically such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation and stenosis, a kind of serious ADEs. Therefore, NSAID-related ulcer complication guidelines have been announced containing various risk factors and symptoms. Thus, this study aims to evaluate of NSAID usage and appropriateness for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complication based on American journal of gastroenterology (AJG) guideline 2009. Further, the study suggests Korean guideline for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer compared to AJG guideline. For this study, data was collected through electronic medical record (EMR) at Seoul national university of Bundang hospital. The primary end point was a composite of NSAID-related ulcer risk factor, types of NSAIDs, co-prescribed NSAID ulcer prevention drugs and NSAID-related ulcer after taking NSAID. The risk factors include over 65 years, high dose NSAID, previous ulcer history and taking drugs (e.g. aspirin, anticoagulant and steroid) causing ulcer. If a patient has 3 or 4 factors, that patient was classified high risk group. And if 1 or 2 factors that patient was classified moderate risk group. The patient who has no risk factor was in low risk group. I studied 8,120 patients who received NSAID from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009. High risk group was 16(0.2%), moderate risk group was 4,364(53.7%), and low risk group was 3,740(46.1%). The results show that high risk group should be prescribed COX-2 inhibitors with ulcer prevention drugs, and moderate or low risk group need traditional NSAIDs with ulcer prevention drugs. This may be different with 2009 AJG guideline because AJG guideline suggested taking COX-2 inhibitor alone in moderate group or taking traditional NSAID alone in low risk group could get higher ulcer complication. The results indicated that choosing preventive drug is important in case that how many risk factors the patients have. The proper drugs would be helpful for safe and effective NSAID usage in each patient group.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.422-429
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• 2022

Objective : Extracranial supra-aortic dissections (ESADs) with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm presents potential risk of stroke. Endovascular stenting to reconstruct non acute phase ESADs (NAP-ESADs) is an alternative to anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. However, its feasibility, safety and efficacy of stenting in NAP-ESADs is unclear. This study aims to investigate the long-term outcomes of the feasibility, safety and efficacy of stenting in NAP-ESADs. Methods : Seventy-four patients with 91 NAP-ESAD vessels with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm presents potential risk of stroke who underwent stent remodeling were enrolled into this respective study from December 2008 to March 2020. Technical success rate, complications, clinical and angiographic results were harvested and analyzed. Results : Success rate of stent deployment was 99% (90/91) with no procedural mortality or morbidity. Transient ischemic attack occurred in three patients during operation (4.1%, 3/74). Asymptomatic embolisms of distal intracranial vessels were found in two patients (2.7%, 2/74). One hundred and forty-two stents deployed at 85 carotid (135 stents) and six vertebral (seven stents) vessels. Six stent types (Wingspan, 28/135, 20.7%; Solitaire, 10/135, 7.4%; Neuroform, 8/135, 5.9%; LVIS, 2/135, 1.5%; Precise, 75/135, 55.6%; Acculink, 12/135, 8.9%) were deployed at carotid arterial dissection while two types (Wingspan, 5/7, 71.4%; Solitaire 2/7, 28.6%) at vertebral arterial dissection. Digital subtracted angiography (56%, 51/91), computational tomography angiography (41.8%, 38/91) and high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (2.2%, 2/91) were adopted for follow up, with a mean time of 17.2±15.4 months (5-77). All patient modified Rankin Scale scores showed no increase at discharge or follow-up. Angiographically, dissections in 86 vessels in 69 patients (94.5%, 86/91) were completely reconstructed with only minor remnant dissections in four vessels in four patients (4.4%, 4/91). Severe re-stenosis in the stented segment required re-stenting in one patient (1.1%, 1/91). Conclusion : Stent remodeling technique provides feasible, safe and efficacious treatment of ESADs patients with severe stenosis, occlusion and/or pseudoaneurysm.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2020

The Korean Society of Urogenital Radiology (KSUR) aimed to present a consensus statement for patient preparation, standard technique, and pain management in relation to transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) to reduce the variability in TRUS-Bx methodologies and suggest a nationwide guideline. The KSUR guideline development subcommittee constructed questionnaires assessing prebiopsy anticoagulation, the cleansing enema, antimicrobial prophylaxis, local anesthesia methods such as periprostatic neurovascular bundle block (PNB) or intrarectal lidocaine gel application (IRLA), opioid usage, and the number of biopsy cores and length and diameter of the biopsy needle. The survey was conducted using an Internet-based platform, and responses were solicited from the 90 members registered on the KSUR mailing list as of 2018. A comprehensive search of relevant literature from Medline database was conducted. The strength of each recommendation was graded on the basis of the level of evidence. Among the 90 registered members, 29 doctors (32.2%) responded to this online survey. Most KSUR members stopped anticoagulants (100%) and antiplatelets (76%) one week before the procedure. All respondents performed a cleansing enema before TRUS-Bx. Approximately 86% of respondents administered prophylactic antibiotics before TRUS-Bx. The most frequently used antibiotics were third-generation cephalosporins. PNB was the most widely used pain control method, followed by a combination of PNB plus IRLA. Opioids were rarely used (6.8%), and they were used only as an adjunctive pain management approach during TRUS-Bx. The KSUR members mainly chose the 12-core biopsy method (89.7%) and 18G 16-mm or 22-mm (96.5%) needles. The KSUR recommends the 12-core biopsy scheme with PNB with or without IRLA as the standard protocol for TRUS-Bx. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents should be discontinued at least 5 days prior to the procedure, and antibiotic prophylaxis is highly recommended to prevent infectious complications. Glycerin cleansing enemas and administration of opioid analogues before the procedure could be helpful in some situations. The choice of biopsy needle is dependent on the practitioners' situation and preferences.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.188-198
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• 2002

목적: 대동맥근부 혹은 상행대동맥에 대한 재수술은 증가하고 있으나 재수술에 대한 결과 및 재수술을 예방할 수 있는 적절한 방법에 대한 연구는 많지 않다. 본 연구는 대동맥근부 혹은 상행대동맥 질환에 대한 재수술 결과 및 재수술을 예방할 수 있는 적절한 방법에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1995년 5월부터 2001년 4월까지 대동맥근부 혹은 상행대동맥 질환으로 재수술을 받은 환자 30명을 대상으로 후향, 조사하였다. 최종 선행수술에서 재수술까지 기간은 평균 56$\pm$50개월(3-142개월)이었다. 재수술 적응증으로는 진성 상행대동맥류 7명(23.3%), 인공판막심내막염이 6명(20%), 가성동맥류 5명(16.7%), Behcet씨 병과 관련한 대동맥판륜 주위 누출 4명(13.3%), 인공 대동맥판막 기능부전 4명(13.3%), 그리고 대동맥박리증 3명(10%) 및 대동맥판륜확장증 1명이었다. 재수술은 대동맥근부 치환술 17명(56.7%), 상행대동맥 치환술 8명(26.7%), 대동맥판-승모판 연속의 섬유체 및 판륜 재건을 이용한 이중판막치환술 2명, 패취를 이용한 상행대동맥 성형술 2명, Bentall 술식 후 이중판막 치환술 1명이었다. 수술은 7명에서 체외순환하에 흉골절개를 하였고 16명(53.3%)에서 완전순환정지를 이용하였다. 평균 순환정지 시간은 20$\pm$12분, 체외순환 및 대동맥차단 시간은 각각 228$\pm$56분과 143$\pm$64분이었다. 결과 조기 사망은 3명(10%)에서 있었다. 합병증으로는 재수술이 필요했던 출혈이 7명(23.3%), 심장 합병증 5명(16.7%), 일과성 급성 신부전 2명, 간질 발작 2명, 그리고 기타가 5명이었다. 술후 생존자 27명에서 평균 22.8$\pm$20.5개월을 추적조사한 결과: 만기사망은 2명(7.4%)에서 있었으며 술후 6년 actuarial survival rate는 92.6$\pm$5.0%였다. 대동맥근부 혹은 상행대동맥 재수술 후 다시 재수술이 필요하였던 경우는 1명이었고(3.7%), 술후 1년과 6년 재수술로부터의 actuarial freedom rate는 각각 100%와 83.3$\pm$15.2%이었다. Behce씨 질환이 있는 1명이 동종이식편으로 근부치환술 후 가성동맥류가 발생하여 재수술이 필요한 상태이다. 혈전색전증이나 항응고제 관련 합병증은 없었다. 결론: 본 연구 결과 대동맥근부 혹은 상행대동맥의 재수술은 비교적 낮은 사망률과 이환율을 보이며 또한 재수술을 예방하기 위해서는 선행수술 및 재수술시 원인질환에 따른 적절한 수술 방법의 선택이 매우 중요할 것으로 사료된다

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.471-475
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• 2008

연구배경: 와파린의 치료 효과를 유지하고 부작용을 방지하기 위해서는 수시로 프로트롬빈 시간을 모니터링 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 목적의 현장검사기기는 편리하지만 그 정확성에 있어서 문제가 될 수 있으므로 평가가 필요하다. 방 법: 2007년 8월부터 2008년 2월까지 순천향대학교 부천병원에 내원한 환자 중에서 경구용 항응고제(와파린)를 복용하는 85명의 환자들을 대상으로 하여 검사실 표준검사법과 CoaguChek-XS를 사용하여 각각 INR값을 측정하고 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 전체 85명 환자 중 2번 이상 INR을 측정한 사람 은 모두 25명으로 이들의 INR 측정간격은 평균 8.6주이었고, CoaguChek-XS와 표준검사법에서 INR 2.0 미만의 측정값들이 각각 39%, 38%를 차지하였다. 와파린을 복용하는 환자에서 표준검사법으로 측정한 INR값이 높고, 낮은 두 명의 환자에서 각각 5번씩 측정한 결과 CoaguChek-XS의 변이계수는 각각 4.50, 2.45, CA-7000은 각각 1.67, 0.66이었다. 두 검사 기기간의 상관성은 $R^2$이 0.966으로서 우수하였으며 Bland-Altman 분석을 통해서 두 기기간 차이의 평균이 0.13이었고 일치범위의 한계(95% 신뢰구간)는 -0.47~+0.72이었다. 또한 INR 값이 증가할수록 CoaguChek-XS의 측정값은 표준방법에 비해서 높게 측정되는 경향을 보였다. 결 론: CoaguChek-XS는 정밀도가 좋고 기존의 검사실표준검사법과의 상관성이 우수하였다. 따라서 CoguChek-XS는 경구 항응고제 치료환자의 INR을 모니터링 하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.