• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.11D no.4
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• pp.865-872
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• 2004

Web applications have different structural characteristics from conventional applications with the structural language or object-oriented language or 4GL. A web application typically consists of server-side script elements which run on web sewers, client-side script elements which run on the client web-browser, HTML elements that contains context. Therefore web applications developer concurrently uses 3 or more development language. Cyclomatic Complexity for Web Application(CCWA) metrics reflected composite complexity of each element. In this paper, we applied cyclomatic complexity for web application metrics with Complexity level indicator to web application. We applied it to 10 web applications that were developed in practical business. High complexity web applications classify into four type(MENU, FORM, CTRL, GEN). This paper has contributed to practical use of engineering approach for web application.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1091-1105
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• 2012

In this paper, we analyzed statistical characteristics and complexity of HEVC encoder as a leading research of acceleration, optimization and parallelization. Computational complexity of the HEVC encoder is approximately twice the compression performance compared to H.264/AVC. But, the increase of encoder complexity remains a problem to be solved in the future. Before performing the research on acceleration, optimization and parallelization to reduce high complexity of HEVC encoder, we measure the complexity each module for HEVC encoder using it's reference software HM 7.1. We also measured the predicted complexity of fast HEVC encoder software, used in real applications, using HM 7.1 applying fast encoding method. The complexity is measured in terms of the operating cycle of the encoder software under the common test sequences and conditions in the Windows PC environment. In addition, we analyze statistical characteristics of HEVC encoder software according to encoding structures and limitation using coded bitstreams.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.379-393
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the complexity of scientific reasoning during open inquiry activities of pre-service elementary school teachers. In this study, 6 pre-service elementary teachers who participated in open-inquiry activities were selected. The data of scientific reasoning during their inquiry process was collected from the video recording of reporting about inquiry process and results, their reports and researcher's notetaking. CSRI Matrix (Dolan & Grady, 2010) was used to analyze the complexity of participants' scientific reasoning. The result showed that the degree of the complexity of their scientific reasoning varied in participants. Particularly the low degree of the complexity of scientific reasoning presented in posing preliminary hypotheses, providing suggestions for future research, communicating and defending finding. Also, The more pre-service teachers' epistemology of inquiry are similar to that of scientists, the more complex scientific reasoning represents. This results suggest that teachers should impress on students the importance of doing the precedent study and providing suggestions for future research, and provide a place for communicating and defending findings.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.418-432
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• 2023

In this work, we proposed a low-complexity hybrid layered tabu-likelihood ascent search (LTLAS) algorithm for large multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. The conventional layered tabu search (LTS) approach involves many partial reactive tabu searches (RTSs), and each RTS requires an initialization and searching phase. In the proposed algorithm, we restricted the upper limit of the number of RTS operations. Once RTS operations exceed the limit, RTS will be replaced by low-complexity likelihood ascent search (LAS) operations. The block-based detection approach is considered to maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection performance. An efficient precomputation technique is derived, which can suppress redundant computations. The simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed detection method is close to the conventional LTS method. The complexity analysis shows that the proposed method has significantly lower computational complexity than conventional methods. Also, the proposed method can reduce almost 50% of real operations to achieve a BER of 10^-3.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2003

A number of embedded wavelet image coding methods have been Proposed since the introduction of EZW(Embedded Zerotree Wavelet) algorithm. A common characteristic of these methods is that they use fundamental ideas found in the EZW algorithm. Especially, one of these methods is the SPIHT(Set Partitioning in Hierarchy Trees) algorithm, which became very popular since it was able to achieve equal or better performance than EZW without having to use an arithmetic encoder. The SPIHT algorithm is computationally very simple, but even so it provides excellent numerical and visual results. But the evaluation of its time complexity is no more than the relative result of experimental comparisons and the strict time complexity analysis wasn't taken until now. In this paper, we analyze strictly the processing time complexity of SPIHT algorithm and prove that the time complexity for one bit-plane processing is O( nlog $_2$n) in worst case.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.116-143
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• 2000

Considerable attention has been devoted in the accounting literature to identify the factors that cause or drive the costs of overhead activities. This paper extends recent cost driver research to the health care provider. In various case studies, it has been suggested that overhead costs are driven by volume and complexity variables. This paper investigates the significance of these variables in determining hospital overhead costs, how they are structurally related and how the cost impacts of these variables can be estimated in practice. This paper analyzes the determinants of hospital costs using the sample of South Korea hospitals for seven year during the period 1952－1997. The paper focuses on the extent to which hospital overhead costs depend on complexity, efficiency in addition to depending on more conventional volume based measures of hospital activity. The results of regression analysis suggest that volume and complexity factors positively and significantly affect overhead costs in the hospital industry. The results show that the complexity-related cost drivers strongly affected on the overhead costs in tile health care provider industry more than manufacturing industry which is mainly affected by volume-related cost drivers. That means each Industry may have different cost structures. Therefore it Is Important to find their proper cost structures and cost drivers and use them. Futhermore identification of overhead or indirect cost drivers is likely to be particularly useful in heath care. The identification of cost drivers can be of benefit to all health care stakeholders because these facilitates more efficient management of the national resources devoted to health care. While this study has documented that the level of service complexity is a significant determinant of hospital overhead costs, caution should be exercised in interpreting this as supportive of the cost accounting procedures associated with ABC. It is an open question whether even a well-designed ABC system will provide suitable proxies for marginal costs for decision making purposes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 2006

Even though software developing environment has been changing to Web basis very fast, there are just few studies of quality metric or estimation model for Web software. In this study after analyzing the correlation between the risk level and property of objects using linear regression, six middle sized industrial system has been used to propose the correlation model of size and Number of Classes(NOC), size and Number of Methods(NOM), complexity and NOC, and complexity and NOM. Among of six systems 5 systems(except S06) have high correlation between size(LOC) and NOM, and four systems(except S04 & S06) have high correlation between complexity and NOC / NOM. As Web software architecture with three sides of Server, Client and HTML, complexity of each sides has been compared, two system(S04, S06) has big differences of each sides compleity values and one system(S06) has very higher complexity value of HTML, So the risk level could be estimated through NOM to improve maintenance in case of that the system has no big differences of each sides complexity.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

This note suggests three approaches to improve reliability in developing weapon systems. The high complexity of the weapon systems make it hard to analyze and predict of those reliability. Current situations of the reliability have been reviewed in terms of logistics support analysis (LSA), warranty policy, maintenance and development. Three suggestions are notified to improve the reliability considering the complexity of the weapon systems.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06b
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• pp.277-280
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• 2002

This paper analyze the characteristics of three multipliers in finite fields GF(2m) from the point of view of processing time and area complexity. First, we analyze structure of three multipliers; 1) LSB-first systolic array, 2) LFSR structure, and 3) CA structure. To make performance analysis, each multiplier was modeled in VHDL and was synthesized for FPGA implementation. The simulation results show that LFSR structure is best from the point of view of area complexity, and LSB systolic array is best from the point of view of processing time per clock.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2023.01a
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• pp.403-404
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• 2023

패턴의 복잡도와 정보량을 계산하는 것은 음성 및 영상 인식을 위하여 향후 더 중요한 정보를 제공하는 단계로 발전할 것으로 기대된다. 패턴의 복잡도를 표현하는 정보 엔트로피의 개념은 정보량 측정외에 데이터의 압축 복원 과정, 데이터의 복잡도 등 다양한 목적으로 활용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 영상 패턴의 복잡도를 영상 화질의 차이를 분석함으로써 영상 인식 시 지표 가능성을 파악하고자 한다.