• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1991

Post-thoracotomy pain is so severe that lead to postoperative complications, such as sputum retention, segmental or lobar atelectasis, pneumonia, hypoxia, respiratory failure due to the patient`s inability to cough, deep breathing and movement. Many authors have been trying to reduce the post-thoracotomy pain, but there is no method of complete satisfaction. In 1974, Nelson and associates introduced the intercostal nerve block using the cryoprobe. The application of cold directly to the nerves causes localized destruction of the axons while preserving the endoneurium and connective tissue, thereby introducing a temporary pain block and able to complete regeneration of intercostal nerves. One hundred and two patients, who undergoing axillary or posterolateral thoracotomy at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in Korea University Medical Center between April 1990 and August 1990, were evaluated the effects of cryoanalgesia for the post-thoracotomy pain reduction. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A, control, the patients without the cryoanalgesia[No.=50], Group B, trial, the patients with cryoanalgesia[No.=52]. Before the thorax closed, in the group A, local anesthetics, 2% lidocaine 3cc, were injected to the intercostal nerves[one level with the thoracotomy, one cranial and caudal intercostal level and level of drainage tube insertion]. In the group B, cryoprobe was directly applied for 1 minute at the same level. Postoperative analgesic effects were evaluated by the scoring system which made arbitrary by author: The pain score 0 to 4, The limitation of motion score 0 to 3, The analgesics consumption score 0 to 3, The total score, the sum of above score, 0 to 10. For the evaluation of immediate analgesic effects, the score were evaluated at the operative day, the first postoperative day, the second postoperative day, and the seventh postoperative day. The effects of incision type, and rib cut to the post-thoracotomy pain were also evaluated. The results were as follows; 1. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia reduced the immediate postoperative pain significantly compare with control group. 2. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia improved the motion of the operation side significantly compare with control group. 3. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia reduced the analgesics requirements at the immediate postoperative periods significantly. 4. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia lowered the total score significantly compare with control group. 5. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia were more effective to the mid-axillary incision than to the posterolateral incision 6. The intercostal block with cryoanalgesia were more effective to the patients without rib cut than to the patients with rib cut. 7. No specific complication need to be treated were not occurred during follow-up.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.193-196
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• 2016

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve injury is one of the most common nerve injuries following pelvic surgery, especially with the Pfannenstiel incision. We present a case of intractable groin pain, successfully treated with a continuous II/IH nerve block. A 33-year-old woman, following emergency cesarean section due to cephalopelvic disproportion, presented numbness in left inguinal area and severe pain on the labia on the second postoperative day. The pain was burning, lancinating, and exacerbated by standing or movement. However, she didn't want to take additional medicine because of breast-feeding. A diagnostic II/IH nerve block produced a substantial decrease in pain. She underwent a continuous II/IH nerve block with a complete resolution of pain within 3 days. A continuous II/IH nerve block might be a goodoption for II/IH neuropathy with intractable groin pain in breast-feeding mothers without adverse drug reactions in their infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.901-903
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• 1999

Twenty-four multiparous crossbred Friesian dairy cows (60-90 days in lactation) were randomly assigned into a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Factors were two levels of concentrate supplementation (1:2, high vs 1:1.2, very high; concentrate:milk yield) and two levels of high-quality feed block (HQFB) supplementation (non vs ad libitum block licking). Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) was fed as a roughage throughout the 70 day feeding trial. High level of concentrate fed group resulted in higher roughage and HQFB intakes, compared with very high concentrate supplemented group. HQFB supplementation tended to increase roughage intake and significantly improved milk yield (2 kg/hd/d in high concentrate supplementation) and quality (% fat) which resulted in higher economical return. HQFB was recommended to be used as a strategic supplement in lactating dairy cows especially when fed on low-quality roughages or crop residues.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

The most widely used method of pain control in dental practice is to block the pathway of painful impulses by local anesthesia. For a maximum effect of pain control at outpatient minor operation, regional anesthesia including nerve block must be performed. This issue includes various dental local anesthetic techniques on mandible, maxilla and considerations for selection of dental local anesthetics according to patient's age, duration of operation. Additionally, current conscious sedation technique combined with local anesthesia will be introduced for control of patient's anxiousness. Based on patient's general condition, severity of operation, local anesthesia sometimes must be changed into general anesthesia to avoid failure of dental practice. The exact choice of anesthetic techniques for minor operations at dental outpatient clinic must not be underestimated for complete success of pain control.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.803-808
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• 1964

In this experiment, it was attempted to determine the thermal conductivities of earth block materials which are recently much available for farm building constructions in Korea as lower cost building materials. For this experiment, two kinds of earth block materials were sampled. One of them was pure earth and the other was cementstabilized earth with a ratio of earth to cement by volume, 20 to 1. Cylindrical sections of specimen surrounding a steel pipe(I.D. =1 inch) were used. A resistance neater in the pipe and thermometers for the measurement of radial temperature distribution were installed as shown in Fig. 1 and photograph 1. The heat which flows through the pipe and the sample was produced by passing a current through a resistance wire stretched along the pipe axis. The complete apparatus used in this experiment is schematically shown in Fig. 1.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1401-1408
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• 2013

반복이 있는 랜덤화 블록 계획법에서 우산형 대립가설을 검정하기 위한 비모수 방법에는 Kim과 Kim (1992)이 제안한 방법이 있다. 본 논문에서는 Orban과 Wolfe (1982)가 제안한 위치와 Kim (1999)이 제안한 대조군과 처리군의 방법을 확장하여 랜덤화 블록 계획법에서 우산형 대립가설에서의 검정법을 제안하였다. 또한 여러 분포에 대한 모의실험 통하여 기존의 방법과의 검정력을 비교하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-63
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• 1997

We consider the problem of classifying a p x 1 observation into one of two multivariate normal populations when the training smaples contain a block of missing observation. A new classification procedure is proposed which is a linear combination of two discriminant functions, one based on the complete samples and the other on the incomplete samples. The new discriminant function is easy to use.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1174-1179
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• 1990

Forty-five patients with double-outlet right ventricle[DORV] underwent complete intracardiac repair between July, 1983 and June, 1989. Patients with complete atrioventricular canal, atrioventricular discordance and uni-ventricular heart were excluded. The 32 male and 13 female patients ranged in age from 3 months to 15 years[mean 4 years]. Thirty-two patients had pulmonary stenosis. The early mortality was 11.ltd[5 /45] None of 27 died after a completely intraventricular repair. The mortality was 20%[1/5] for repair using transannular patch, 20% [1/5] for REV operation, 33.3%[1/3] for repair including extracardiac valved conduit, and 50% [1/2] for Jatene operation, respectively. Two modified Fontan procedures were performed without mortality. One died after Senning operation. Causes of early deaths included high residual right ventricular pressure[one patient] small left atrial and left ventricular volume[one patient], persisting severe pulmonary hypertension [one patient] and low cardiac output of unknown cause [two patients]. Complete heart block developed in one patient. Two late deaths occurred among the 40 operative survivors [5.0Po] from persisting severe pulmonary hypertension and bleeding at reoperation. Our results indicate that significant defects can be repaired with low mortality and morbidity.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-63
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• 1992

Bechhofer and Tamhane(1981) proposed Balanced Treatment Incomplete Block (BTIB) desings for comparing p test treatments with a control treatment in blocks of size ${\kappa}$. Notz and Tamhane(1983) solved the problem about determination of the minimal complete class for ${\kappa}=3$. However there are a number of design parameters for which BTIB designs do not exist. We suggest a new class of designs called Group Divisible Treatment Desings(GDTD's) that is a larger class including BTIB designs as a subclass. In this paper we give the minimal complete classes of generator designs for GDTD's with ${\kappa}=2,\;p{\geq}4(except\;prime\;number)\;and\;{\kappa}=3,\;p=4(2)6$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1976

A Total of Forty eight patients underwent open-heart surgery for correction of tetralogy of Fallot at the Seoul National University Hospital from January 1974 to October 1976, with an overall survival rate of 77 per cent. Operative mortality varied according to severity of the lesion, age of the patient, nature of previous surgical treatment and presence or absence of an outflow tract patch across the pulmonary valve ring. Eleven patients died in the early postoperative period and thirty seven patients were discharged from the hospital alive. A patch of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary annulus was required to relieve pulmonic stenosis in 24 patients. There were 10 deaths in this group (42%) as compared to 1 death in the group of 24 patients who were corrected without a patch. Operative mortality was especially higher when an inlay patch was placed across the pulmonary valve ring. This may be related to the possibly greater anatomic severity of these cases and to the longer operating time when a patch was used. The electrocardiogram showed right ventricular hypertrophy in 35 cyanotic patients. Intraventricular conduction was normal in 34 patients before operation. It was normal postoperatively in only 5 of 34 patients in this group who survived surgery. Complete right bundle branch block appeared at operation in 21 patients, and 8 patients developed incomplete right bundle branch block. Major causes of death were progressive cardiac failure (4), Complete atrioventricular dissociation (3), bleeding (2), cardiac tamponade (1), and sudden cardiac arrest (1)