• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.81-99
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• 2022

The Baekdudaegan, spanning around 701 km from Hyangrobong to Cheonwangbong of Mt. Jirisan in South Korea, is rich in biodiversity and known as the main ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula. The Neuljae-Yuksimnyeong section of Marugeum in the southern part of the Baekdudaegan, particularly Mt. Deogyusan, is an area in which various types of vegetation appear depending on the environmental characteristics. The aims of this study were to investigate the current vegetation status at the Neuljae-Yuksimnyeong section of the Baekdudaegan and to provide basic data to aid systematic conservation and management through future classification of forest vegetation types. A vegetation survey was conducted using 637 plots from May to October 2019. Vegetation-type analysis showed that the vegetation units could be classified as a Quercus mongolica community group divided into seven communities: the Abies koreana community, Sanguisorba hakusanensis community, Persicaria hydropiper community, Quercus variabilis community, Quercus dentata community, Cornus controversa community, and Quercus mongolica community. The A. koreana community was subdivided into the Dryopteris expansa group and Picea jezoensis group. The Q. variabilis community was also subdivided into the Q. dentata group and Q. variabilis typical group. We concluded that special management plans for distinctive forest vegetation, including subalpine vegetation, grass or herb vegetation, and agricultural vegetation, should be prepared urgently to aid ecosystem preservation and enhancement.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2008

The increasing area of abandoned rice fields could provide new opportunities for wetland restoration in Asia. However, it is unknown how quickly or completely abandoned rice fields will recover from agricultural disturbances. We assessed water quality and plant community succession in abandoned rice fields with different hydrology in a mountain valley to understand the effects of hydrological regime on recovery. Water level, soil redox potential, water quality, plant composition, and primary production were measured. The sites, coded as D6, N13, and N16, had been recovering for 6, 13, and 16 years by 2006. N13 and N16 have been recovering naturally whereas D6 has been drained with a nearby dike and was tilled in 2001. The typical hydroperiods of D6, N13, and N16 were no surface water, permanently flooded, and seasonally flooded, respectively. The major change in vegetation structure of both D6 and N13 was the replacement of herbaceous species by woody species. Drawdown accelerated this change because Salix koreensis grew better in damp conditions than in flooded conditions. Phragmites japonica reduced plot-level plant species richness. The removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, and $PO_4-P$ from water varied seasonally, ranging between -78.8 to 44.3%, 0 to 97.5%, and -26.0 to 44.4%, respectively. In summary, abandoned rice fields quickly became suitable habitat for native wetland plant species and improved regional water quality. Variation among our sites indicates that it is likely possible to manage abandoned rice fields, mostly through controlling hydrology, to achieve site-specific restoration goals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the optimal collecting time and methods of utilization of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source for revegetation materials of slopes. From April to November of 1998, nursery seedbeds in the greenhouse of Seoul National University were seeded with mixtures of forest topsoil and seeds. The nursery seedbeds were treated to evaluate the effect of depths of forest topsoil and seeding amounts. Seasonal experiments with $3{\times}3$ factorial design were conducted in April, June and August. More than 40 seedlings/$m^2$ were observed as the naturally-emerged species in the plot, treated with the top-layer forest soil within the depth of 10cm. However, it was found, as seeding more seeds, the number of appearance of the naturally-emerged species reduced because of the heavy competition between the seeded and the naturally-emerged. According to the results of this research, it is recommended that seeding amount should be no more than 1,000 seeds/$m^2$ to avoid the severe competition. Also it was observed that the forest topsoil collected in spring(April) is better than that collected in summer. The more species of the naturally-emerged were found in the forest topsoil collected in spring. Forest-topsoil-mixed-materials as a seed-bank source could significantly increase the plant diversity and productivity. Effective use of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source may become a valuable tool in future restoration of disturbed slopes for promoting plant community diversity and recycling of spoiled-soils from the slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-33
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.97-106
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• 2010

Earthworm, a prominent ecosystem engineer within many terrestrial ecosystems, can exert profound influences on various abiotic/biotic environments through bioturbation processes such as burrowing, casting and mixing of litter and soil. In this study, we investigated how the presence or absence of earthworm (Oligochaeta) can alter the soil physico-chemical conditions and ultimately the distribution and abundance of Collembola which constitutes a large proportion of the soil fauna. During September 2010, soil organisms along with soil samples were collected from randomly installed 20 plots in Mt. Gwan-ak. We examined the differences in the abundance of Collembola among plot samples in respect to the presence/absence of earthworm and soil physico-chemical conditions (i.e., pH, $PO_4^{3-}$, $NO_3^{2-}$, organic matter (OM), electrical conductance and water content). Analysis of soil physico-chemical environment revealed a significantly higher organic matter content and electrical conductance in plots with earthworm compared to plots without earthworm. Abundance of Collembola were not only higher in plots with earthworm than in plots without earthworm, but were also positively correlated with availability of OM present in the environment. The results suggest that positive impacts of earthworm on the abundance of Collembola in this study may have been due to their ability to effectively modify soil physico-chemical conditions favored by Collembola. Such conspicuous influence of earthworm's activity on below-ground community suggests their potential significance in forest restoration or revegetation process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1 s.114
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• pp.107-119
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• 2006

The Korea Water Resources Corporation(KOWACO) proposed bidding for an alternative design for Hwabuk Multi-purpose Dam in March of 2004. The site is located in Hakseong-ri, Goro-myeon, Gunwi-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and has adrainage area of $87.52km^2$. The purpose of this project is to establish an environmentally friendly plan for minimizing the damage that was caused by the construction of the Hwabuk Multi-purpose Dam. The design principle of KOWACO was the restoration of the natural environment, a harmonious landscape, and the creation of a space of regional and local culture. The basic concept of this project involves an ecological-restoration axis and a functional-connection axis. The site is divided into four spaces: (1) the space of memory and symbol, (2) the space of nature and ecology, (3) the space of regional and local culture, and (4) the space of the regional economy. There are four sub-spaces in the space of memory and symbol: the track forest, the time forest, the memory room, and the sun plaza. There are three sub-spaces in the space of nature and ecology: the habitat of aquatic birds, the wind forest, and the eco-corridor. There are five themed parks in the space of regional and local culture: the culture and relic room, the wildflower garden, the ecological pond, the insect observation park, and the pyogo maze. There are three areas in the space of the regional economy: the forest pension, the waterside pension, and the community center, as Dungdungi village was reorganized to serve as a lodging complex. These themed parks, working together, can offer an effective space for nature, culture, rest, and experience.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.35-50
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• 2017

This study is to see the recovery effect of the Deltacon method by investigating the amount of sand deposition, the topographical cross section and the vegetation structure; and to derive the effective recovery method of coastal erosion area. The target areas of this study include Jinri coastal dune, Bajireum coastal dune and Seopori coastal dune in Deokjeok-do Island, Ongjin-gun, Incheon. In order to assess the current status of the coastal erosion area recovery, the soil profile structure map was prepared on the site and then the amount of sand deposition within 1m was calculated indoors. The vegetation recovery status of the costal erosion area was assessed via the analyses of the topographical profile structure and the plant community structure, and we aim to derive the effective recovery plan of the Deltacon method with the results. With the Deltacon method, structures with ductile material, special non-woven fabric bags filled with soil and vegetation can be performed therefore the structuralstability and prevention of sand erosion can be achieved. The amounts of sand deposition of Bajireum coastal dune, Seopori costal dune and Jinri costal dune were calculated $0.98{\sim}2.54m^3$, $1.02{\sim}2.96m^3$, and $0.27{\sim}0.75m^3$, respectively, and it is considered that the costal erosion recovery is actively performed for Bajireum costal dune and Seopori costal dune. The analysis results of vegetation structures by topography show that the installation of the send collecting net in steep areas has been highly effective and the Deltacon-constructed target areas have been restored to vegetation and the costal dune, which is similar to the natural dune. The investigation of the plant community structure in Deokjeok-do Island costal dune, Incheon displayed similar research results of the existing costal dune flora and confirmed the emergence of Lathyrus japonicus, Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Vitex rotundifolia, and Calystegia soldanella and others. In order to carry out further effective recovery with the Deltacon method, improvements to rootage of herbaceous vegetation are needed in areas without foredune herbaceous vegetation, and continuos maintenance & management monitoring of connected windbreak forest to costal dunes are also necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.873-883
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• 2015

From August 2012 to April 2013, the ichthyofauna and post-restoration properties of Yangjae stream were investigated. A total of 1,503 fish of 2 forms, 16 species and 5 families were studied during the survey period. A survey of the distribution of freshwater fish inhabiting Yangjae stream after restoration of the stream showed large populations of Zacco platypus and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus. From the frequency distribution of the total length for the Zacco platypus population inhabiting Yangjae stream, it was estimated that there are 4 distinct age groups, with an abundance of the 27-63 mm (Age $0^+$) category accounting for 51.3% of the population. The regression coefficient (b) for the length-weight relationship in Zacco platypus was 3.27, while the slope of the condition factor was positive, demonstrating that stable growth conditions are being maintained. Analysis of tolerance and trophic guilds showed a decrease in the numbers of sensitive species and insectivore species further downstream, and an increase in tolerant species and omnivore species. Principal component analysis using community indices and indices of biotic integrity (IBI) showed that there were differences according to the survey time: the first and second surveys showed major changes on certain single species populations while during the third survey, it was analyzed that the populations of various types of fish had established balance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.730-740
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• 2012

Korea Expressway Corporation have a plan to make a new highway from East Hongcheon to Yanayang in Kangwon-do(province). This research was conducted to analyze a vegetation structure of japanese red pine forest and to prepare conservation and restoration basic information for minimizing the effects on pine mushroom producing by road construction. Considering the range of effects by road construction, twenty plots were set up near road construction reserved area, and surveyed. The result analyzed by TWINSPAN, one of the classification technique, showed that the communities were divided into four groups which are two Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community and Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad leaves forest community(IV). Species diversity index of each community ranged from $1.7353{\pm}0.0341$ to $1.9079{\pm}0.2471$, and the average number of species was $9.2{\pm}2.8$, especially $9.6{\pm}5.0$ at canopy layer in the unit area($100m^2$). The number of individuals ranged from 4 to 29 and average 9.55 in the unit area($100m^2$). The average RSI(relative space index) was below 35%, the average estimated age of the forest was $38{\pm}8.34$ years. The depth of $A_0$ layer of soil was 4~6cm and the range of soil acidity was pH4.70~5.63(average pH 5.29). Pine mushroom and Japanes red pine have a close symbiosis relation. Therefore it is needed that minimizing the read construction which goes through the pine mushroom producing area. If a road goes through a pine mushroom producing area, restoration measurement is prepared to prevent forest from rapid change such as succession or vegetation structure.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2011

This study was conducted to gain preliminary data for restoration and management of constructed small-scale ponds in paddy fields through analysis of their physicochemical and biological properties. A field survey was performed at 13 small-scale ponds located in paddy fields from August 2009 to October 2010. Structural properties, water quality, soil characteristics and fish fauna were measured. Results showed that small-scale ponds without frames might lose their function over time because of crumbling walls. Therefore, it is necessary for these ponds to have frames for soil protection and sustainable maintenance. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration were higher than the water quality standard for agricultural water in small-scale ponds. In particular, TN concentration was 8.03 mg $L^{-1}$ and over 8 times the water quality standard because of the presence of livestock such as cows and pigs in the study areas. Sand, organic matter and available phosphorus contents of soil in small-scale ponds was 53.4${\pm}$16.6%, 21.8${\pm}$9.74 g $kg^{-1}$ and 12.8${\pm}$7.59 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively indicating that sand and available phosphorus contents were suitable for plants in small-scale ponds, but organic matter contents was somewhat low in newly constructed small-scale ponds, and would take some time to stabilize for plant growing. Fish fauna was not diverse with only 4 species at all sites surveyed. Collected fishes share a common feature that they all inhabit paddy fields or canals with shallow water depth. In this study, all ponds were not linked to the streams and canals around them. It appears that connection to adjacent streams was the major factor controlling fish fauna in small-scale ponds. The results of statistical analysis were classified into three groups. Factor 1 was 26.3%, which shows a structural properties such as area and depth of small-scale pond. As for factor 2, it appears on 20.1%, showing water quality like a TP, suspended solids (SS) and COD. Small-scale ponds were classified into three groups by factor scores. Group I consisted of 6 small-scale ponds, which were larger than the others. Group III had higher water quality than the others. We conclude that the most important points to be considered for restoration and management of small-scale ponds is connection with adjacent streams or ditches and depth and size of the small-scale pond.