• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.14-14
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• 1996

In general, a source of international law comes out of either treaties or customs. Process of forming treaty law is relatively clear as it is created by both negotiations of legal experts in issue and express of states concerned in the international conferences. However, this process does not apply to the creation of customary international law. Rather the process to customary law depends on legal inference from or reasoning on states' practices in fact so that there is no definite process or procedures for establishing customary international law and objective criteria to identify it. It is more difficult to prove when and what states' practices have been recognized customary law that turns to bind on all members of world community. This paper is to explore, through theories and findings of ICJ, how the customary international law is formed to be effective as a binding norm of law.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 1996

In general, a source of international law comes out of either treaties or customs. Process of forming treaty law is relatively clear as it is created by both negotiations of legal experts in issue and express of sttes concerned in the international conferences. However, this process does not apply to the creation of customary international law. Rather the process to customary law depends on legal inference from or reasoning states' practices in fact so that there is no definite process or procedures for establishing customary international law and objective criteria to identify it. It is more difficult to prove when and what states' practices have been recognized customary law that turns to bind on all members of world community. This paper is to explore, through theories and findings of ICJ, how the customary international law is formed to be effective as a binding norm of law.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.156-168
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• 2017

The digital information society that developed along with the 21st century is the 'Open-source Making Movement' which produces collective intelligence through open-source sharing and digital manufacturing tools, which is called 'Makers Movement'. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the case of Makers Movement in furniture design through 'IKEA Hacking' which arose simultaneously with the Makers Movement, and to study and present the prospect and direction of furniture design in the change of manufacturing industry. In this study, four design features were compared with IKEA hacking cases along with the establishment of 'community' which is a feature of Makers Movement. Four characteristics are first customized design, second derivative design through open source, third long -Tail effect design, and fourth, design using digital manufacturing tools. The prospect and direction of furniture design through this study are as follows: first, democratization of furniture design manufacturing, second job creation, third, coexistence of large and small enterprises, fourth promotion of various new technologies, and fifth, discovery of various furniture designers through 'Open System Organization'.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.359-375
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• 2004

Recently, many researches on the biomass of the agricultural and livestock wastes are being conducted in several respects. The use of biomass is of benefit to the curtailment of oil import, environmental pollution decrease, global warming mitigation and so on. And, in the agricultural sphere, making use of agricultural byproducts can contribute to the revitalization of the agricultural industry and rural community. In other words, making new products or energy by using biomass have a possibility to be developed as a new industry. The industry can create new businesses and job opportunities for rural dwellers. Also, major 3 positive effects of market formation for the agricultural wastes, increase of the idle land use and creation of the new business are expected. However, the use of biomass may be difficult to secure a proper right as a market good in the autonomic market economy. It is necessary to establish or amend related laws or systematic tools for the revitalization of the biomass use. Also, it is required for the government to bear partial costs of the facilities and others in the beginning stage.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2015

Present monetary system is based on fallacies. The purpose of this article is to highlight the pitfalls in economic thinking. The article shows that this way of thinking leads to the creation of inflation which is the root of all evil. The analysis proceeds in different approach to the contemporary theory of money. An inflation- free monetary system is introduced. Monetary system is the set of mechanisms that controls money. In this broad sense, monetary system can be divided into three different systems. Each of them has different goal; National monetary system which aims to raise sufficient funds in order to reach an optimal level of output growth that maintains full employment and satisfies the economic requirements of the community. National redistribution system which aims to redistribute funds in order to sustain individuals at or above a specified material standard of living, and enable government to provide public services. International monetary system which aims to preserve rights of parties in foreign exchange transactions.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제36집
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• pp.227-266
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• 2020

본 논문의 목적은 광해군 대(代)의 불교정책과 이것의 영향을 받는 불교계의 양상을 검토하는 것이었다. 이것을 통해 조선불교를 "숭유억불"이라고 규정지음으로 인해 드러나지 않았던 광해군 대의 불교가 가진 나름의 영향력과 역동성을 드러내고자 했다. 성리학을 사상적 배경으로 삼았던 조선 시대에 불교는 성리학의 벽이단을 내세운 지배층에 의하여 배척되어야 했고, 이것은 광해군 대에도 마찬가지였다. 그러나 실제로는 지배층이 이중적 불교관을 가지고 있었다. 이러한 지배층의 이중적 불교관은 광해군 대의 불교계의 상황에 영향을 끼쳤다. 임진왜란에서의 전공으로 지배층은 불교의 존재를 인정할 수밖에 없었고, 그 결과 조선에서 불교의 위상이 일정부분 상승했다. 상승한 위상과 임진왜란 때의 경험을 바탕으로 불교계는 보사(報謝)와 구호 활동에 종사했다. 그 결과, 승려의 수는 증가했고, 사찰과 승려의 토지 소유가 허가됨으로써 경제적 상황도 좋아졌다. 이 과정에서 임진왜란은 광해군 대의 불교정책을 좌우하고 불교지형을 변동시킨 역사적 배경이 되었다. 광해군 대에 지배층은 불교를 이단으로 간주하면서도, 임진왜란에 공이 있는 승려들에게 시호를 하사했고, 승려에게 관직을 제수하는 등 일부 승려들을 우대하는 정책을 폈다. 또한, 승려들은 국방, 건축 등 조직력과 물리적 힘을 요구하는 역을 부담하기 시작했다. 그런데 광해군 대까지는 승려들이 부담하는 역에 대하여 일정 부분 보상해서, 승려가 역을 부담하는 것이 불교에 대한 탄압의 면보다는 불교에 대한 용인의 측면이 강했다. 불교정책에 대하여 불교계는 지배층과의 유착과 사찰의 창·재건, 그리고 불교 예술품 제작이라는 양상을 보인다. 지배층과의 유착을 통해 불교계는 광해군 대 불교정책에 적극 호응했고, 이것을 통해 교단을 유지할 수 있었다. 아울러 이러한 모습 속에서 부휴 선수(浮休 善修)와 제자인 벽암 각성(碧巖 覺性)의 부휴계가 불교계에서 주도권을 가지기 시작했음도 확인된다. 광해군 대의 불교정책은 지배층의 이중적 불교관과 좋아진 측면과 악화된 측면이 공존하는 불교계의 상황을 배경으로 시행되었다. 지배층은 불교의 조직력을 전후(戰後) 복구와 국방, 토목 공사에 적극적으로 활용하였고, 이에 따른 적절한 보상을 시행했다. 불교계 역시 지배층과의 교류를 바탕으로 불교정책에 호응하였고, 사찰과 예술품을 보수하고 제작하였다. 광해군 대의 불교정책과 대응을 살펴보면, 조선 불교에 대한 일반적 묘사인 "숭유억불"로 설명할 수 없는 불교의 조직력과 영향력이 확인된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2017

Network externality can be defined as the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. When a network externality is present, the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it. There exist asymmetries in network externalities between the online and traditional offline marketing channels. Technological capabilities such as interactivity and real-time communications enable the creation of virtual communities. These user communities generate significant direct as well as indirect network externalities by creating added value through user ratings, reviews and feedback, which contributes to eliminate consumers' concern for buying products without the experience of 'touch and feel'. The offline channel offers much less scope for such community building, and consequently, almost no possibility for the creation of network externality. In this study, we analyze the effect of network externality on the competition between online and conventional offline marketing channels using game theory. To do this, we first set up a two-period game model to represent the competition between online and offline marketing channels under network externalities. Numerical analysis of the Nash equilibrium solutions of the game showed that the pricing strategies of online and offline channels heavily depend not only on the strength of network externality but on the relative efficiency of online channel. When the relative efficiency of online channel is high, the online channel can greatly benefit by the network externality. On the other hand, if the relative efficiency of online channel is low, the online channel may not benefit at all by the network externality.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.33-59
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• 2010

Library 2.0 advocates a socially rich, multimedia enabled, user originated and communally innovative environment that poses significant opportunities for the libraries to evolve and make themselves even more relevant and significant for her users. This paper presents a case study of the National Library Board of Singapore, in playing a vital role to facilitate the realisation of a long-term key national program, The Singapore Memory (SM) Project. SM embraces the attributes of the Library 2.0 environment to enable the nation's memory to be collected, organised, preserved, discovered, researched, augmented and created. The output of is an evolving collection of knowledge assets on Singapore along a Singapore Memory Content Continuum of existing content that is steadily augmented with new content. The content will be collected across all formats, in any language, from Singaporeans and non-Singaporeans, from any institution and agency, from Singapore and abroad, and from official and unofficial sources. The utopian scenario of SM Project is that any person, community, group or institution who has ever experienced Singapore in any way or has any material on Singapore will engage actively in the contribution, discovery and creation of content for the project, and thus become advocates to further encourage and catalyse more contribution, discovery and creation. The paper outlines the key approaches, concepts and ideas for the project. An important element is the proliferation, exposure and accessibility of the rich contents envisaged in the project. The SM proliferation plan along with examples of how two existing resources, namely, the Singapore Infopedia, a database of articles on Singapore's history, culture, people and events 4 and NewspaperSG, an online resource of current and historic Singapore and Malayan newspapers, have been designed are presented to demonstrate how content can be exposed, searched and discovered.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2008

The importance of the green space in urban area has been increasing. There are the increasing needs of creation and sustainable management of urban forest. In order to satisfy the need, it is necessary to set indicators for sustainable urban forest. With this regard, this study is to derive the indicators for evaluation of the urban forest through literature reviews, experts opinion, and field survey. The results of the study, the indicators consist of the ecological healthiness, socio-cultural function, and scenic beauty. The ecological healthiness includes stability and naturality (e.g. area, native species, connectivity etc.). The socio-cultural function contain improvement of living environment, stable emotion, community, and environmental education. The scenic beauty includes environmental-friendly facilities, maintenance of urban forest. The indicators have high feasibility to create and manage the urban forest through evaluating urban forest in practical. This indicators are useful to guide to develop urban forest and park.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.405-418
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 일본과 우리나라의 농촌 지역의 사회적 경제에 관하여 사례연구를 하고, 농촌 사회적 경제와 사회적 기업 발전을 위한 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 일본("미래·꿈·쿤마")과 우리나라("나눔푸드")를 사회적 기업의 분석틀(사회적 목적, 경영의 자립성, 지역순환경제의 창출과 행정 역할)에 따라 사례연구한 결과, 주로 지역주민에 대한 사회적 일자리를 제공하는 사회적 목적을 실현하는 사회적 기업이며, 농촌 지역순환경제를 창출하고, 지역경제의 활성화에 이바지한다 라는 유사점이 나타났다. 차이점으로는 시민주도형 사회적 경제조직(NPO법인 "미래·꿈·쿤마")에 대한 부분적·한시적인 지원으로 그치는 일본 행정기관과는 다르게 우리 행정기관에서는 주도적으로 "나눔푸드"의 창립 이전부터 다양하게 지원해왔으며, 현재까지도 간접 지원해주고 있는 것으로 드러났다. 사례연구 결과에 따른 시사점으로, 지역사회에 기반한 사회적 경제 공동체의 구축, 경영 자립성 향상을 위한 사회적 금융 지원의 강화, 농촌 사회적 기업의 역량 강화와 인너텟 쇼핑몰의 효율적 관리 등을 제시하였다.