• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2023

Objective: To describe the roadmapping technique and our three-year experience in the management of intracranial aneurysms in the hybrid operating room. Methods: We analyzed all patients who underwent surgical clipping for cerebral aneurysms with the roadmapping technique from January 2017 to September 2019. We report demographic, clinical, and morphological variables, as well as clinical and radiological outcomes. We further describe three illustrative cases of the technique. Results: A total of 13 patients were included, 9 of which (69.2%) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, with a total of 23 treated aneurysms. All patients were female, with a mean age of 47.7 years (range 31-63). All cases were anterior circulation aneurysms, the most frequent location being the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 11 cases (48%), followed by posterior communicating in 8 (36%), and ICA bifurcation in 2 (8%). Intraoperative clip repositioning was required in 9 aneurysms (36%) as a result of the roadmapping technique in the hybrid operating room. There were no residual aneurysms in our series, nor reported mortality. Conclusions: The roadmapping technique in the hybrid operating room offers a complementary tool for the adequate occlusion of complex intracranial aneurysms, as it provides a real time fluoroscopic-guided clipping technique, and clip repositioning is possible in a single surgical stage, whenever a residual portion of the aneurysm is identified. This technique also provides some advantages, such as immediate vasospasm identification and treatment with intra-arterial vasodilators, balloon proximal control for certain paraclinoid aneurysms, and simultaneous endovascular treatment in selected cases during a single stage.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.6
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• pp.252-305
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• 1993

I have studied the relation between a Taoist(道家) and the oriental medicine(韓醫學), it is summerized as following. 1. According to the relation between a Taoist(道家) and the oriental medicine, Lao-tzu(老子)' mathematical principle that had an influence on Three yin-three yang(三陰三陽) theory of the oriental medicine, idea of natural philosopy(自然無爲) and the freedom from avarace(無慾) on the oriental medicine. 2. Vital essence and energy theory(精氣設) in a Taoist not only can be seen in Lao-tzu' Do dug gyung(老子道德經), Maengza(孟子), Guanza(管子), but also its principle has something to do with Nei Ching's Vital essence and energy theory(精氣設). 3. Danjungpa(丹鼎派) can be divided into Naedansul(內丹術) which preserves through the breath and Oedansul(外丹術) which makes one a Taoist hermit. If he takes magic portions(金丹), they had a great effect on Yangsanghak(養生學) and was actually concerned with oriental doctors who was known to us. 4. If medicine of Taoism is classified, it can be divided into three categories. Boiled solution(渴液), Pharmacopea "Ben cao"(本草), Acupuncture & moxibustion(針灸), Magic portions(外丹) are used in the first category. Chinese setting-up and Therapeutic exercises(導引), Josik(調息), Naedan(內丹), Byugok(辟榖), Naeshi(內視), Banjung(房中) belong to second category. The religious contents such as Bu(符), Jeum(占), Cheum(籤), Ju(呪), Je(齊), Gido(祈禱), taboo are implied in third category. 5. In the history of the medicine of Taoism and oriental medicine, they are called animism, shamanism, Mu(巫) or Ye(毉), not separated at first period. In the end of junguk(戰國時代), Ye(醫) was clearly distinguished from Mu(巫) and then Mu(巫) was developed into medicine of Taoism and ye(毉) into the present form of oriental medicine. 6. The oriental medicine doctors that are concerned with Taoism are Bakgo(伯高), Geyugu(鬼臾區), Soyu(少兪), Noigong(雷公), Pyujak(篇鵲), Sunuyi(淳于意), Hwata(華陀), Hwangbomil(皇甫謐), Hangang(韓康), Dongbong(童奉), Heuson(許遜), Galhong(葛洪), Dohongyung(陶弘景), Damlan(曇鸞), uyjajang(葦慈藏), Sonsanak(孫思邈), Wanguing(王氷), Jegonghwalbul(濟公活佛), Yuwanso(劉完素), Judonge(朱丹溪), Leesijin(李時珍), Johakmin(趙學敏), Ougu1(吳杰) etc. 7. The view of a human body in the medicine of Taoism affected the oriental medicine on the ground that man was regarded as a microcosm(小宇宙), so he was compared to a nation or heaven and earth. 8. The anatomy of medicine of Taoism gave a detail description of five visceras and each organs, the heart, center of mental function, Mirie(尾閭) which has an relationship to the training of Naedan(內丹修練). In this resrect, as it is accord with the acupunture point of oriental medicine, therefore we can find that Taoism influenced oriental medicine, also explicit study was achieved. 9. Acient people believed that the goo in the human lxxIy, one of the characteristics of the medicine of Taoism cured the patients and then protected him from the disease. If a man was taken ill, they had him cured by making the god's name which corresponded to its disease, calling him communicating with him, and asking him to deprive him of illness. This treatment was used to live and be kept young eternally. In this respects, we can see that they emphasized on the attitude of Bulchiyibeung chimibeung(不治己病治末病) and psychological treatment. 10. Samsi thoery(三尸說) that one's fortune, disaster, health, and disease in the world are at the mercy of his good or bad conduct, is concerned with Taoism and treatment with the oriental medicine. 11. Guchung(九蟲) is more closly associated with the religious aspect rather than with the medical aspect. Because of the similarity of the mcdern parasitism, its study has an important meaning. 12. The respect for the human life is reflected in jeunsi(傳屍), with Samsi-guchung theory(三尸九蟲說), which is considered as mxIern tuberculosis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.52-63
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• 2009

WTO/TBT aims to reduce impediments to trade resulting from differences between national regulations and standards. Where international standards exist or their completion is imminent, the Code of Good Practice says that standardizing bodies should use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for any standards they develop. Drawing is a formal and precise way of communicating information about the shape, size and, features. In addition, drawing is a part of the universal language of engineering. However there are many differences between international landscape drawing standard ISO 11091 and Korean landscape drawing practice(KLDP). The result of a comparison of ISO 11091 with KLDP and suggestions for international standardization of KLDP are summarized as follows. First, Among the 33 kinds of conventions from ISO 11091, 2 similar kinds and 15 different kinds from KLDP and 16 kinds of conventions which exist only in ISO 11091 appeared-for the international standardization of KLDP, it is necessary to make an extensive alteration of KLDP. Second, Europe Unity countries accepted ISO 11091 and are using it as their national standard for landscape drawing. Even Japan has accepted ISO 11091 on their civil engineering drawings and is using it as their national standard. Therefore, we need to hasten KS standard enactment based on ISO 1091. Third, For the KS standard of construction drawings, the degree of international standardization is rising even though there are still differences from the ISO standard. Therefore, since the burden on the international standardization of KLDP is expected to be weighed, preparations should be quickly brought about in the practice fields. Fourth, Since in the landscape planting ordinances of local independent governments is the standard presented by categorizing trees into evergreen and deciduous, such parts should be modified and introduced when enacting the KS standard based on ISO 11091. Fifth, For the enactment of the KS standard for landscape drawings, a wide range of opinions should be collected by the relevant landscape organization by installing a committee, and based on its recommendation, an application for the KS standard enactment of landscape drawing should be made to the chief of Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.27-57
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• 2008

Many consumers enjoy the challenge of purchasing a brand that matches well with their own values and personalities (for example, Ko et al., 2008; Ko et al., 2006). Therefore, the personalities of consumers can impact on the final selection of a brand and its brand personality in two ways: first, the consumers may incline to purchase a brand or a product that reflects their own personalities; second, consumers tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those brands that are being promoted. Therefore, the objectives of this study are following: 1. Is there any empirical relationship between a consumer's personality and the personality of a brand that he or she chooses? 2. Can a corporate brand be differentiated by the brand personality? In short, consumers are more likely to hold favorable attitudes towards those brands that match their own personality and will most probably purchase those brands matching well with their personality. For example, Matzler et al. (2006) found that extraversion and openness were positively related to hedonic product value; and that the personality traits directly (openness) and indirectly (extraversion, via hedonic value) influenced brand effects, which in turn droved attitudinal and purchase loyalty. Based on the above discussion, the following hypotheses are proposed: Hypothesis 1: the personality of a consumer is related to the brand personality of a product/corporate that he/she purchases. Kuksov (2007) and Wernerfelt (1990) argued that brands as a symbolic language allowed consumers to communicate their types to each other and postulated that consumers had a certain value of communicating their types to each other. Therefore, how brand meanings are established, and how a firm communicate with consumers about the meanings of the brand are interesting topics for research (for example, Escalas and Bettman, 2005; McCracken, 1989; Moon, 2007). Hence, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 2: A corporate brand identity is differentiated by the brand personality. And there are significant differences among companies. A questionnaire was developed for collecting empirical measures of the Big-Five personality traits and brand personality variables. A survey was conducted to the online access panel members through the Internet during December 2007 in Korea. In total, 500 respondents completed the questionnaire, and considered as useable. Personality constructs were measured using the Five-factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) scale and a total of 30 items were actually utilized. Brand personality was measured using the five-dimension scale developed by Aaker (1997). A total of 17 items were actually utilized. The seven-point Likert-type scale was the format of responses, for example, from 1 indicating strongly disagreed to 7 for strongly agreed. The Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) was used for an empirical testing of the model, and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) was applied to estimate numerical values for the components in the model. To diagnose the presence of distribution problems in the data and to gauge their effects on the parameter estimates, bootstapping method was used. The results of the hypothesis-1 test empirically show that there exit certain causality relationship between a consumer's personality and the brand personality of the consumer's choice. Thus, the consumer's personality has an impact on consumer's final selection of a brand that has a brand personality matches well with their own personalities. In other words, the consumers are inclined to purchase a brand that reflects their own personalities and tend to choose a company that has similar brand personalities to those of the brand being promoted. The results of this study further suggest that certain dimensions of the brand personality cause consumers to have preference to certain (corporate) brands. For example, the conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion of the consumer personality have positively related to a selection of "ruggedness" characteristics of the brand personality. Consumers who possess that personality dimension seek for matching with certain brand personality dimensions. Results of the hypothesis-2 test show that the average "ruggedness" attributes of the brand personality differ significantly among Korean automobile manufacturers. However, the result of ANOVA also indicates that there are no significant differences in the mean values among manufacturers for the "sophistication," "excitement," "competence" and "sincerity" attributes of the corporate brand personality. The tight link between what a firm is and its corporate brand means that there is far less room for marketing communications than there is with products and brands. Consequently, successful corporate brand strategies must position the organization within the boundaries of what is acceptable, while at the same time differentiating the organization from its competitors.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.1 no.3 s.3
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• pp.124-134
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• 2000

In construction projects, the design information, which should contain accurate product information in a systematic way, needs to be applicable through the life-cycle of projects. However, paper-based 2D drawings and relevant documents has difficulties in communicating and sharing the owner's and architect's intention and requirement effectively and building a corporate knowledge base through on-going projects due to Tack of interoperability between specific task or function-oriented software and handling massive information. Meanwhile, computer and information technologies are being developed so rapidly that the practitioners are even hard to adapt them into the industry efficiently. 3D modeling capabilities in CAD systems are enormously developed and enables users to associate 3D models with other relevant information. However, this still requires a great deal of efforts and costs to have all the design information represented in CAD system, and the sophisticated system is difficult to manage. This research focuses on the transition period from 2D-based design Information management to 3D-based, which means co-existence of 2D and 3D-based management. This research proposes a model of a compound system of 2D and 3D-based CAD system which presents the general design information using 3D model integrating with 2D CAD drawings for detailed design information. This research developed an integrated information management system for design and specification by associating 2D drawings and 3D models, where 2D drawings represents detailed design and parts that are hard to express in 3D objects. To do this, related management processes was analyzed to build an information model which in turn became the basis of the integrated information management system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2016

Oil budget calculator identifies the removal pathways of spilled oil by both natural and response methods, and estimates the remaining oil required response activities. A oil budget calculator was newly developed as a response tool for Deepwater Horizon oil spill incident in Gulf of Mexico in 2010 to inform clean up decisions for Incident Comment System, which was also successfully utilized to media and general public promotion of oil spill response activities. This study analyzed the theoretical background of the oil budget calculator and explored its future application to Korea. The oil budge calculation of four catastrophic marine pollution incidents indicates that 3~8% of spilled oil was removed mechanically by skimmers, 1~5% by in-situ burning, 4.8~16% by chemical dispersion due to dispersant operation, and 37~56% by weathering processes such as evaporation, dissolution, and natural dispersion. The results show that in-situ burning and chemical dispersion effectively remove spilled oil more than the mechanical removal by skimming, and natural weathering processes are also very effective to remove spilled oil. To apply the oil budget calculator in Korea, its parameters need to be optimized in response to the seasonal characteristics of marine environment, the characteristics of spilled oil and response technologies. A new algorithm also needs to be developed to estimate the oil budget due to shoreline cleanup activities. An oil budget calculator optimized in Korea can play a critical role in informing decisions for oil spill response activities and communicating spill prevention and response activities with the media and general public.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.140-160
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop computational thinking (CT) analysis tool that can be used to analyze CT practices; first, by defining what CT practices are, and then, by identifying which components of CT are reflected in STEAM classes. Exploring various kinds of CT practices, which can be identified while applying the proposed CT analysis tool for exemplary STEAM classes, is another goal of this study. Firstly, to answer the question of "What is CT in science education" and thereby to develop the proposed CT practice analysis tool, three types of published documents about CT definition as the main data in this study have been considered. In the first "analysis tool development" part of this study, the following five elements have been identified as the main components of CT analysis tool as follows; (1) connecting open problems with computing, (2) using tools or computers to develop computing artifact, (3) abstraction process, (4) analyzing and evaluating computing process and artifact, and (5) communicating and cooperating. Based on the understandings that there is a consistent flow among the five components due to their interactions, a flow chart of CT practice has also been developed. In the second part of this study, which is an implementation study, the proposed CT practice analysis tool has been applied in one exemplary STEAM program. To select the candidate STEAM program, four selection criteria have been identified. Then, the proposed CT practice analysis tool has been applied for the selected STEAM program to determine the degree of CT practice reflected in the program and furthermore, to suggest a way of improving the proposed CT analysis tool if it shows some weak points. Through the findings of this study, we suggest that the actual definition of computational thinking will be helpful to converge Technology and Engineering to STEAM education and a strong complement to reinforce STEAM education.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2012

Facing a number of global food-related accidents, the concept and system for food traceability have been designed and introduced in many countries to manage the food-safety risks. To connect and harmonize the various food traceability-information in food traceability system according to the food supply chain, the coding system of identification-number for food-traceability has to be standardized. The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) barcode system which has been globally standardized and implemented, is reviewed with the mandatory food-labeling regulation in expiration date of processed foods. The integration of GTIN-13 bar-code system for food-traceability is a crucial factor to expand its function in the food-related industrial areas. In this literature, the standard coding system of identification-number for food-traceability is proposed with 20 digit coding number which is combined with GTIN-13 bar-code (13 digit), expiration date (6 digit), and additional classification code (1 digit). This proposed standard coding system for identification-number has a several advantages in application for prohibiting the sale of hazard goods, food-recall, and inquiring food traceability-information. And also, this proposed coding system could enhance the food traceability system by communicating and harmonizing the information with the national network such as UNI-PASS and electronic Tax-invoice system. For the global application, the identification-number for food-traceability needs to be cooperated with the upcoming global standards such as GTIN-128 bar-code and GS1 DataBar.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.405-428
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• 1990

Language has a social function to communicate information. Linguists have gradually paid their attention to the function of language since the nineteen sixties, especially to the relationship of form, meaning and the function. The relationship could be more clearly grasped through disciyrse-based analysis than through sentence-based analysis. Many researches were centered on the discourse functional notion of topic. In the early 1970's the subject was defined as the grammatiocalized topic the topic as a discrete single constituent of the clause. In the late 1970's several lingusts including Givon suggerted that the topic was not an atomic, disctete entity, and that the clause could have more than one topic. The purpose of the present study is, following Givon, to study grammatical coding devices of topic and to measure the relative topic continuity/discontinuity of participant argu, ents in Korean narratives. By so doing, I would like to shed some light on effective ways of communicating information. The grammatical coding devices analyzed are the following eight structures: zero-anaphora, personal pronous, demonstrative pronouns, names, noun phrases following demonstratives, noun phrases following possessives, definite noun phrases and indefinite referentials. The narrative studied for the count was taken from the KoreanCIA chief's Testiomny:Revolution and Idol by Hyung Wook Kim. It was chosen because it was assumed that Kim's purpose in the novel was to tell a true story, which would not distort the natural use of language for literary effect. The measures taken in the analysis wre those of 'lookback', 'persistence', ambiguity'. The first of these, 'lookback', is a measure of the size of gap between the previous occurrence of a referent and its current occurence in the clause. The meausure of persistence, which is a measure of the speaker's topocal intent, reflects the topic's importance in the discourse. The third measure is a measure of ambiguity. This is necessary for assessing the disruptive effects that other topics within five previous clauses may have on topic identification. The more other topics are present within five previous clauses, the more difficult is the task of correct identification of a topic. The results of the present study show that the humanness of entities is the most powerful factior in topic continutiy in narrative discourse. The semantic roles of human arguments in narrative discourse tend to be agents or experiences. Since agents and experiences have high topicality in discourse, human entities clearly become clausal or discoursal topics. The results also show that the grammatical devices signal varying degrees of topic continuity discontinuity in continuous discourse. The more continuous a topic argument is, the less it is coded. For example, personal pronouns have the most continutiy and indefinite referentials have the least continutiy. The study strongly shows that topic continuity discontinutiy is controlled not only by grammatical devices available in the language but by socio-cultural factors and writer's intentions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.706-710
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• 2005

Purpose : Early diagnosis of congenital hearing loss through the neonatal hearing screening test minimizes language defect. This research intends to identify frequency of congenital hearing loss in infants through neonatal hearing screening test with the aim of communicating the importance of hearing test for infants. Methods : From May 20, 2003 to May 19, 2004, infants were subjected to Automated Auditory Brainstem Response test during one month of birth to conduct the test with 35 dB sound. Infants who passed the 1st round of hearing test, were classified into 'pass' group whereas those who did not were classified into 'refer' group. Infants who did not 'pass' in the hearing test conducted within one month of birth were subjected to re-test one month later, and if classified as 'refer' during the re-test, they were subjected to the diagnosis for validation of hearing loss by requesting test to the hearing loss clinic. Results : There was no difference among the 'pass' and 'refer' group in terms of form of childbirth, weight at birth and gestational age. In the 1st test, total of 45 infants were classified into 'refer' group. Six among 35 who were subjected to re-test(17%) did not pass the re-test, and all were diagnosed with congenital hearing loss. This corresponds to 0.35%(3.5 per 1,000) among total number of 1,718 subjects. Conclusion : In our study the congenital hearing loss tends to be considerably more frequently than congenital metabolic disorder. Accordingly, newly born infants are strongly recommended to undergo neonatal hearing screening test.