• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.175-188
• /
• 1998

This paper describes the internal structures and K-Ar ages of fault gouges collected from the Dongnae fault zone. This fault zone is internally zoned and occurs in the multiple fault cores. A fault core consists of thin gouge and narrow cataclastic zones that are bounded by a much thicker damage zone. Intensity of deformation and alteration increases from damage zone through cataclastic zone to gouge zone. It is thought that cataclasis of brittle deformation was the dominant strain-accomodation mechanism in the early stage of deformation to form the gouge zone and that crushed materials in the regions of maximum localization of fault slip subsequently moved by cataclastic flow. Deformation mechanism drastically changed from brittle processes to fluid-assisted flow along the gouge zone as the high porosity and permeability of pulverzied materials during faulting facilitated the influx of the hydrothermal fluids. Subsequently, the fluids reacted with gouge materials to form clay minerals. Fracturing and alteration could have repeatedly taken place in the gouge zone by elevated fluid pressures generated from the reduction of pore volume due to the formation of clay minerals and precipitation of other materials. XRD analysis revealed that the most common clay minerals of the gouge zones are illite and smectite with minor zeolite and kaolinite. Most of illites are composed of 1Md polytype, indicating the products of hydrothermal alteration. The major activities of the Dongnae fault can be divided into two periods based upon K-Ar age data of the fault gouges : 51.4∼57.5Ma and 40.3∼43.6Ma. Judging from the enviromental condition of clay mineral formation, it is inferred that the hydrothermal alteration of older period occured at higher temperature than that of younger period.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.649-664
• /
• 2012

The grid cell analysis is used to select good sites as habitats at the region. The northern area of Yeongjong Island, Incheon has been disturbing by habitat loss due to human activities such as residential development, deforestation. In order to determine significant places as bird habitats and to select conservation areas at this island, the study area was divided into 70 grid cells($500{\times}500m$ each grid) and then each grid was ranked by spatial analysis using the species diversity index. Fieldwork was carried out in Spring and Autumn of 2010. To examine grid cells which were ranked high in both seasons in common, we used the average ranking value, combined data from two seasons. This area consists of mainly agricultural areas and forests(more than 68%) among eight habitat types: the agricultural land, forest, coast, lake, meadow, stream, city and other things. A total of 110 species was recorded: 4,183 birds of 102 species in Spring and 3,326 birds of 58 species in Autumn. In other words, the number of individuals and species was higher in Spring than in Autumn. Species diversity index presented the highest value at M8 grid cell in Spring(3.380) and at A4 gird cell in Autumn(2.736). In 18 of 22 grid cells where the average ranking value was higher than 3, the forest was distributed and in 4 grid cells, the coast and wetland were widely distributed, in which theses were located apart from human-associated disturbances such as construction works for a leisure complex. Our results present a new estimate method not only to minimize loss of bird habitats but also to conserve important habitats when the large-scale development takes place at particular region.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.268-278
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze phonetic items such as the phonemic system, phonological rules, and pronunciation descriptions and notations incorporated in the textbooks. Based on our analysis results, we point out the problems related to pronunciation education, and suggest directions for improvement. First, the presentation order of consonants and vowels in the phonological systems sections of each textbook was different. We recommend that a standard for consonant and vowel presentation order should be prepared, but that this standard should take into consideration the specific purpose of the textbook; the learning strategies and goals, as well as the possibility of teaching and learning. Second, similar to phonemic systems, the presentation order of phonological rules was different for each textbook. To create a standard order for phonological rules, we have to standardize the order of presentation of rules and determine which rules should be presented. Furthermore, when describing phonological rules, the content should be described in common and essential terms as much as possible without the use of jargon. Third, in other matters of pronunciation, there were problems such as examples for pronunciation and lack of exercises. Regarding this, we propose to provide sentences or dialogues as examples for pronunciation, and to link these to various activities and other language functions for pronunciation practice.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.285-299
• /
• 2006

At the end of 2005, 443 nuclear reactors were operating in 32 countries worldwide. They had provided about 3,000 TWh, which was just over 16 percent of global electricity supply. With the generating capacity of 368 GWe in 2004, the spent fuel generation rate worldwide, now becomes at about 11,000 tHM/y. Projections indicate that cumulative amounts to be generated by the year 2020, the time when most of the existing NPP will be closed to the end of their licensed lifetime, may be close to 445,000 tHM. In this regard, spent fuel management is a common issue in all countries with nuclear reactors. Whatever their national policy and/or strategy is selected for the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle, the management of spent fuel will contribute an impending and imminent issues to be resolved in the foreseeable future. The 2nd Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention was held in Vienna from 15 to 24 May 2006. The meeting gave an opportunity to exchange information on the national policy and strategy of spent fuel management of the Contracting Parties, to discuss their situations, prospects and the major factors influencing the national policies in this field and to identify the most important directions that national efforts and international co-operation in this area should be taken. In this paper, an overview of national and global trends of spent fuel management is discussed. In addition, some directions are identified and recent activities of each Member States in the subject area are summarized.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.658-670
• /
• 2018

Busan Citizen Park has been taken as the research object in this paper to learn about the categories and types of resting facilities such as seats and Pergolas in the park and analyze the visitors' use patterns of bench and Pergolas. In addition, the analysis of the cultural features and preferences of bench and Pergolas will provide the basic data for the future design of resting facilities. After the research on the categories and types of bench and Pergolas and the evaluation factors through literature surveys, the type, location, and number of resting facilities including bench, Pergolas, sheds, etc. in the entire park have been investigated through field surveys. In addition, the behavioral map analysis has been created through the observation of the use patterns of bench and Pergolas in the morning and afternoon of each month, and the degree of preference and satisfaction of park bench and Pergolas has been grasped through questionnaires. The research results are as follows. Among the ten types of bench and Pergolas, the citizens like the mats and awnings + mats best. The environment is the most important factor for the mats with highest score, followed by the functional and regional factors. In addition, various activities such as eating in mats and sheds that block sunlight are Korean use patterns, which is very common in Korean daily life. These results show that bench and Pergolas in urban parks are not placed arbitrarily and the layout and design of bench and Pergolas should be completed based on behavior and preferences, which are influenced by cultural characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.484-492
• /
• 2017

This study assessed female occupational therapist job stress and musculoskeletal pain, and examines the problems caused by sexual harassment, family, and marriage policy. The results provide information to improve work environments, reduce job stress, yield data needed for sexual harassment prevention education, examine women occupational therapists' economic activities, and broadly improve the quality of life through participation. The study subjects were currently employed female occupational therapists. Initially 200 subjects were recruited, of whom 185 returned the study questionnaire. Questions addressing job stress included, 'There are times when one feels that the salary is worth less than the job effort', 'Feel tired due to work.', 'That it is time to pay attention to other therapy.', answered positively in that order. Musculoskeletal pain in the wrist and hand (90%), shoulder (86%), neck (69.7%) and waist (68.6%) were the order of the wrist and hand (63%), shoulder (62.2%) and waist (51.9%) pain resulted in interference with daily life. Verbal harassment was reported by 71.4% and 48.6% reported physical and visual harassment. The most common topics in workplace relations were 'Must choose whether to focus on the individual or work (61.1%).', 'Need for understanding and someone who can share their feelings (54.6%).', and 'Colleagues are willing to listen to my story (73%)'.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2000

Objective : Thoracolumbar junction is second most common level of injury next to cervical spine. The object of this study is to study the usefulness of surgical titanium mesh instead of bone graft, as well as to evaluate the correction of spinal deformity and safety of early ambulation in patients with injury at thoracolumbar junction. Patients and Methods : This review included 51 patients who were operated from July 1994 to December 1997. The injured spine is considered to be unstable, if it shows involvement of two or more columns, translatory displacement more than 3.5mm, decrease more than 35% in height of vertebral body and progression of malalignment in serial X-ray. The decision to operate was determined by (1) compression of spinal cord or cauda eguina, (2) unstable fracture, (3) malalignment and (4) fracture dislocation. The procedure consisted of anterior decompression through corpectomy and internal fixation with anterior instrument and surgical titanium mesh which was impacted with gathered bone chip from corpectomy. Results : Fifty-one patients were followed up for at least 12 months. The main causes of injury were fall and vehicle accident. The twelfth thoracic and the first and the second lumbar vertebrae were frequently involved. Complete neural decompression was possible under direct vision in all cases. Kyphotic angulation occurred in a patient. Radiologic evaluation showed correction of deformity and no distortion or loosening of surgical titanium mesh with satisfactory fixation postoperatively. Conclusions : We could obtain neurological improvement, relief of pain, immediate stabilization and early return to normal activities postoperatively. Based on these results, authors recommend anterior decompression and internal fixation with surgical titanium mesh in thoracolumbar unstable spine injuries.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.29 no.11
• /
• pp.837-850
• /
• 2002

In this paper, we propose an EEG-based response time prediction method during a yes/no cognitive decision task. In the experimental task, a subject goes through responding of visual stimulus, understanding the given problem, controlling hand motions, and hitting a key. Considering the subject's varying brain activities, we model subjects' mental states with defining CT (cut time), ST (selection time), and RP (repeated period). Based on the assumption between ST and RT in the mental model, we predict subjects' response time by detection of selection time. To recognize the subjects' selection time ST, we extract 3 types of feature from the filtered brain waves at frequency bands of $\alpha$, $\beta$, ${\gamma}$ waves in 4 electrode pairs combined by spatial relationships. From the extracted features, we construct specific rules for each subject and meta rules including common factors in all subjects. Applying the ST detection rules to 8 subjects gives 83% success rates and also shows that the subjects will hit a key in 0.73 seconds after ST detected. To validate the detection rules and parameters, we test the rules for 2 subjects among 8 and discuss about the experimental results. We expect that the proposed detection method can be a basic technology for brain-computer-interface by combining with left/right hand movement or yes/no discrimination methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.120-129
• /
• 2006

This paper aims at investigating the developments and challenges of Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP), a regional cooperation mechanism to protect marine environment in Northeast Asia. As one of 16 UNEP's Regional Seas Program, NOWPAP has evolved since its inception in 1994. Based on the belief that a cooperative institution may work more efficiently to address common regional concerns on marine environment, China, Japan, Russia and South Korea have developed NOWPAP under the UNEP's leadership. NOWPAP now has its own independent secretariat, and 4 regional activity centers while expanding its partnership with other institutions. However, NOWPAP must address several challenges that it now faces for better achievement of its goals. They include consideration of unique geopolitical situation in this region, participation of North Korea, incorporation of sustainable development concept in its activities, reconsideration of equal opportunity principle for more efficient cooperation, and securing sufficient financial resources.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.194-202
• /
• 2018

This study was designed to analyze the impact of Christian counseling for the common faith and religious wellbeing within the Korean Luther Church, and to provide church growth factors based on the results. The study target was based on the survey results of a total of 83 members who were attending layman in the ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ church, which is affiliated with the Korean Lutheran Church. The research tool used NCD questionnaire for church health diagnosis by the Korea Church Growth Institute for the church growth model and the reliability of Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ in this study was 0.91. The collected questionnaire was tested for correlation to verify the relationship between church development and growth, and for multiple recursive analysis to confirm factors affecting church development and growth. The results showed that church's services, programs, and atmosphere were highly correlated with development of church, including counseling. The research showed that the relationship between church services, programs, and friends, including counseling, was highly correlated with spiritual growth and self-growth, while community activities and mutual communication were low. Therefore, for continuous church growth, the importance of community programs in the church is considered necessary.